381420 Results for: "single-use assemblies"

Supplier: CHI Scientific

The PrimaCell™ system has been developed for the acquisition and growth of primary cells from a variety of different tissue types. Each PrimaCell™ kit has been optimized for each cell type to produce 4-7 times the number of primary cells obtained from published literature protocols. Each kit comes with 100 ml of tissue washing medium, our optimized tissue dissociation system OptiTDS™, 500 ml of growth medium, and enough growth supplements and serum to add to the supplied medium. Kits that require a Fibroblast control system also come with our FibrOut™ kit (added to the growth medium) which reduces or eliminates Fibroblast growth after 2-3 cell growth cycles.

Supplier: Prosci

It is well known that the control of gene expression involves activation of protein kinase cascades that regulate transcription factors within the nucleus (Karin and Hunter, 1995). The cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) is one of the best characterized stimulus-induced transcription factors (Montminy, 1997). This transcription factor is a component of intracellular signaling events that regulate a wide range of biological functions, from spermatogenesis to circadian rhythms and memory (Shaywitz and Greenberg, 1999; Silva et al., 1998). A variety of protein kinases including protein kinase A (PKA), mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs), and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) phosphorylate CREB at serine 133 (Ser133), and phosphorylation of Ser133 are required for CREB-mediated transcription (Johannessen et al., 2004; Kornhauser et al., 2002).

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Junctional complexes between the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) are a common feature of all excitable cell types and mediate cross talk between cell surface and intracellular ion channels. Junctophilins (JPs) are important components of the junctional complexes. JPs are composed of a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic segment spanning the ER/SR membrane and a remaining cytoplasmic domain that shows specific affinity for the PM. Four JPs have been identified as tissue-specific subtypes derived from different genes: JPH1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, JPH2 is detected throughout all muscle cell types, and JPH3 and JPH4 are predominantly expressed in the brain and contribute to the subsurface cistern formation in neurons. JPH2-null mice died of embryonic cardiac arrest and human patients with mutations in the JPH2 gene showed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, demonstrating the importance of this protein. Multiple isoforms of JPH2 are known to exist.

Supplier: CHI Scientific

The PrimaCell™ system has been developed for the acquisition and growth of primary cells from a variety of different tissue types. Each PrimaCell™ kit has been optimized for each cell type to produce 4-7 times the number of primary cells obtained from published literature protocols. Each kit comes with 100 ml of tissue washing medium, our optimized tissue dissociation system OptiTDS™, 500 ml of growth medium, and enough growth supplements and serum to add to the supplied medium. Kits that require a Fibroblast control system also come with our FibrOut™ kit (added to the growth medium) which reduces or eliminates Fibroblast growth after 2-3 cell growth cycles.

Supplier: CHI Scientific

The PrimaCell™ system has been developed for the acquisition and growth of primary cells from a variety of different tissue types. Each PrimaCell™ kit has been optimized for each cell type to produce 4-7 times the number of primary cells obtained from published literature protocols. Each kit comes with 100 ml of tissue washing medium, our optimized tissue dissociation system OptiTDS™, 500 ml of growth medium, and enough growth supplements and serum to add to the supplied medium. Kits that require a Fibroblast control system also come with our FibrOut™ kit (added to the growth medium) which reduces or eliminates Fibroblast growth after 2-3 cell growth cycles.

Supplier: CHI Scientific

The PrimaCell™ system has been developed for the acquisition and growth of primary cells from a variety of different tissue types. Each PrimaCell™ kit has been optimized for each cell type to produce 4-7 times the number of primary cells obtained from published literature protocols. Each kit comes with 100 ml of tissue washing medium, our optimized tissue dissociation system OptiTDS™, 500 ml of growth medium, and enough growth supplements and serum to add to the supplied medium. Kits that require a Fibroblast control system also come with our FibrOut™ kit (added to the growth medium) which reduces or eliminates Fibroblast growth after 2-3 cell growth cycles.

Supplier: CHI Scientific

The PrimaCell™ system has been developed for the acquisition and growth of primary cells from a variety of different tissue types. Each PrimaCell™ kit has been optimized for each cell type to produce 4-7 times the number of primary cells obtained from published literature protocols. Each kit comes with 100 ml of tissue washing medium, our optimized tissue dissociation system OptiTDS™, 500 ml of growth medium, and enough growth supplements and serum to add to the supplied medium. Kits that require a Fibroblast control system also come with our FibrOut™ kit (added to the growth medium) which reduces or eliminates Fibroblast growth after 2-3 cell growth cycles.

Supplier: Prosci

Beta-catenin associates with the cytoplasmic portion of E-cadherin, which is necessary for the function of E-cadherin as an adhesion molecule. In normal tissues, beta-catenin is localized to the membrane of epithelial cells, consistent with its role in the cell adhesion complex. In breast ductal neoplasia, it is usually localized in cellular membranes. However, in lobular neoplasia, a marked redistribution throughout the cytoplasm results in a diffuse cytoplasmic pattern. Staining with beta-catenin antibody and E-cadherin antibody helps in the accurate identification of ductal and lobular neoplasms, including a distinction between low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma. Additionally, some rectal and gastric adenocarcinomas demonstrate diffuse cytoplasmic staining and a lack of membranous staining, mimicking the staining pattern observed with lobular breast carcinomas.

Supplier: Ambeed

1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrochloride monohydrate, Purity: 99%, CAS Number: 18851-33-7, Appearance: White to off-white solid, Storage: Inert atmosphere, Room Temperature, Size: 25g

Supplier: Genetex

Prostaglandins are produced by the metabolism of arachidonic acid. Prostaglandin E2 is one of the five physiologically significant prostanoids known. Its wide spectrum of physiologic and pharmacologic effects in various tissues is mediated through binding to the Prostaglandin E2 receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3 & EP4). These include effects on the immune, endocrine, cardiovascular, renal and reproductive systems as well as smooth muscle. It is also one of the most abundant of the prostanoid family in the brain where it plays an important role in many neural functions, particularly in newborn babies, and as a mediator of inflammation. Prostaglandin E2 signals through a family of G-protein coupled receptors known as EP receptors. There are 4 subtypes of EP receptors, known as EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4. EP2 receptors are 358 amino acid proteins with a short third intracellular loop. EP2 receptors stimulate adenylyl cyclase by their coupling to Gs and do not undergo Prostaglandin E2 induced internalization. The EP2 receptors is involved with the contration and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue. These receptors are mainly localized in lung and placental tissues and in smooth muscle.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Conjugated Anti-Monkey IgG (H&L) Alkaline Phosphatase antibody generated in rabbit detects specifically monkey IgG heavy and light chains. Secreted as part of the adaptive immune response by plasma B cells, immunoglobulin G constitutes 75% of serum immunoglobulins. IgG binds to viruses, bacteria, as well as fungi and facilitates their destruction or neutralization via agglutination (and thereby immobilizing them), activation of the compliment cascade, and opsinization for phagocytosis. The whole IgG molecule possesses both the F(c) region, recognized by high-affinity Fc receptor proteins, as well as the F(ab) region possessing the epitope-recognition site. Both heavy and light chains of the antibody molecule are present. This alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-Monkey IgG (H&L) secondary antibody is ideal for investigators who routinely perform western blots, ELISAs, and more general immunoassays. When choosing a secondary antibody product, consideration must be given to species and immunoglobulin specificity, conjugate type, fragment and chain specificity, level of cross-reactivity, and host-species source and fragment.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

TRIM30 belongs to a family of the tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, development, oncogenesis, apoptosis and antiviral responses. The TRIM protein family is an expanding family of RING ('really interesting new gene') proteins, also known as RBCC proteins as they contain an RBCC motif, which comprises a RING domain, one or two B-boxes and a predicted coiled-coil region. Studies have shown that some TRIM family members are critical to innate immunity; TRIM5, TRIM19 and TRIM25, for example, have been shown to restrict viral infection. A recent study shows that TRIM30 functions as a negative modulator of the TLR signaling pathway, by targeting TAB2 and TAB3, and contributes to the inhibition of TLR-mediated NF-kB activation. The importance of TRIM30 in the attenuation or termination of NF-kB activation suggests that targeting of TAB2 and TAB3 by TRIM30alpha may be a mechanism for modulating many types of immune responses.

Supplier: Prosci

MECT1 (also known as MucoEpidermoid Carcinoma Translocated 1, Transducer of regulated cAMP response element-binding protein 1, TORC1, and Transducer of CREB protein 1) is a nuclear protein that functions as a transcriptional coactivator for CREB1, which activates transcription through both consensus and variant cAMP response element (CRE) sites. MECT1does not appear to modulate CREB1 DNA-binding activity but enhances the interaction of CREB1 with TAF4/TAFII-130. MECT1 translocates with MAML2 (MasterMind-Like Protein 2) to yield a fusion oncogene: t(11;19) (q21;p13). This translocation occurs in mucoepidermoid carcinomas, benign Warthin tumors and clear cell hidradenomas. The novel fusion product that results disrupts the Notch signaling pathway. The fusion protein consists of the N-terminus of MECT1 joined to the C-terminus of MAML2. The reciprocal fusion protein consisting of the N-terminus of MAML2 joined to the C-terminus of MECT1 has been detected in a small number of mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Multiple isoforms have been reported for the MECT1 protein.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are serine-threonine kinases that bind to the active forms of Cdc42 and Rac. They are divided into two groups, the first of which include PAK1, 2 and 3, and can be activated by Cdc42/Rac binding. Group 1 PAKs contain an autoinhibitory domain whose activity is regulated by Cdc42/Rac binding. The group 1 PAKs are known to be involved in cellular processes such as gene transcription, apoptosis, and cell morphology and motility. Much less is known about the second group, which includes PAK4, 5 and 6. These proteins are not activated by Cdc42/Rac binding. PAK4 was initially identified as a novel effector of Cdc42Hs. Co-expression of PAK4 and Cdc42Hs resulted in induction of filopodia and actin polymerization, showing that it is involved in cytoskeletal reorganization. Other experiments have shown PAK4 to be essential for embryonic viability and proper neuronal development. PAK4 has also been implicated in anchorage-independent growth of tumor cells and is required for activation of several cancer prosurvival pathways.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a protein of 42-46kDa, identified as MAGE-1. This mAb does not cross-react with MAGE-2, -3, -4, -6 -9, -10, -or -12 protein. Human malignant neoplasms carry rejection antigens that are recognized by the patients' autologous, tumor directed and specific, cytolytic, CD8+ T lymphocyte clones (CTL). The MAGE family of genes codes an important group of antigens. It was identified that melanomas and primary glial brain tumors express common melanoma associated antigens (MAAs). Because MAGE-1 is expressed on a significant proportion of human neoplasms of various histological types (melanoma, brain tumors of glial origin, neuroblastoma, non-small cell lung cancer, breast, gastric, colorectal, ovarian, renal cell carcinomas) and not on normal tissues, the encoded antigen may serve as a marker of early detection and target for cancer immunotherapy.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a member of the Flaviviridae, a plus-stranded virus family that includes St. Louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and Dengue virus. WNV was initially isolated in 1937 in the West Nile region of Uganda and has become prevalent in Africa, Asia, and Europe. It has rapidly spread across the United States with cases being observed in every continental state. Virus particles consist of a dense core made up of the core/capsid protein encapsulating the RNA genome surrounded by a membrane envelope embedded with envelope and matrix proteins which play a major role for WNV entry into target cells. The viral core protein is thought to contribute to the WNV-associated inflammation via apoptosis induced though the caspase-9 pathway as delivery of core gene delivery into the striatum of mouse brain and skeletal muscle resulted in cell death and inflammation.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

PTPRF or leukocyte common antigen-related protein (LAR) is a widely expressed protein tyrosine phosphatase with an extracellular receptor region that resembles a cell adhesion molecule. PTPRF removes phosphate group from β-catenin, an event that may subsequently facilitate cell-cell adhesion and ensure the stability of the cadherin complex. This phosphatase has also been implicated in various cellular processes such as neurite growth, nerve regeneration, actin remodeling and regulation of insulin function (1,2,3,4). Anti-PTPRF (C-terminal) antibody is specific for the extracellular and cytoplasmic subunits of human PTPRF (approx. 210, 150 and 85 kDa). Detection of the PTPRF bands by immunoblotting is specifically inhibited by the immunizing peptide. Anti-PTPRF is ideal for researchers interested in Cell adhesion Cadherin-mediated cell adhesion pathways, PAK pathways, insulin resistance and ureterocele.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

p53DINP1 antibody detects human p53DINP1. Apoptosis is related to many diseases and development. The p53 tumor-suppressor protein induces apoptosis through transcriptional activation of several genes. A novel p53 inducible gene was identified recently and designated p53DINP1 (for p53-dependent damage-inducible nuclear protein 1) and SIP (for stress induced protein) in human and mouse. A p53DINP1 antisense oligonucleotide inhibits and overexpression of p53DINP1 enhances Ser46 phosphorylation of p53, induction of p53AIP1, and cell death induced by DNA double-strand breaks. p53DINP1 may regulate p53-dependent apoptosis through phosphorylation at Ser46 and induction of p53AIP1. The p53DINP1/SIP gene encodes two proteins of 27 and 18 kDa in human and mouse termed p53DINP1-alpha and p53DINP1-beta or SIP27 and SIP18. p53DINP1/SIP is expressed in many tissues and induced by a variety of stress agents including UV stress, mutagenic stress, heat shock, and oxidative stress. Anti-p53DINP1 antibodies are ideal for investigators involved in Apoptosis and Cancer research.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

SHOC2 protein participates in protein binding / transferase activity in the fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway and Ras protein signal transduction. It is a widely expressed protein composed almost entirely of leucine-rich repeats (LRR), with a lysine-rich sequence at the amino terminus and cytoplasmically localized. SHOC2 acts as a positive modulator of the RAS-MAPK signaling cascade, which is elicited by EGL-15 and LET-23 and mediated by LET-60. SHOC2 together with protein phosphatase 1c (PP1c) forms a highly specific M-Ras effector complex and is essential for activation of the MAPK pathway by growth factors. Furthermore, in tumor cells with Ras gene mutations, inhibition of SHOC2 expression inhibits MAPK, but not PI3K activity. The SHOC2-PP1c holoenzyme provides an attractive therapeutic target for inhibition of the MAPK pathway in cancer. Recent studies show that aberrantly acquired N-myristoylation of SHOC2 causes human disease Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Antigen stimulation of immune cells triggers Ca++ entry t hrough Ca++ release-activated Ca++ (CRAC) channels. ORAI3 is one of two mammalian homologs to ORAI1, a recently identified four-transmembrane spanning protein that is an essential component of CRAC. All three homologs have been shown to function as Ca++ plasma membrane channels gated through interactions with STIM1, the store-activated endoplasmic reticulum Ca++ sensor. However, ORAI3 channels failed to produce detectable Ca++ selective currents in cells co-transfected with ORAI3 and STIM1, indicating that ORAI3 channels undergo a lesser degree of depotentiation than ORAI1 or ORAI2. Na+ currents through ORAI1, 2 and 3 channels were equally inhibited by extracellular Ca++, indicating that each have similar affinities for Ca++ within the selectivity filter. This antibody is predicted to have no cross-reactivity to ORAI1 or ORAI2. Larger molecular weight bands are sometimes seen in SDS-PAGE; these may represent post-translationally modified ORAI 3.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Norrie disease is an X-linked genetic disorder characterized by progressive atrophy of the eyes, mental disturbances and deafness. The gene responsible for this disease was initially identified through positional cloning. Norrin, the gene product, encodes a small secreted, cysteine-rich protein that is thought to act as a ligand for the Wnt-receptor/beta-catenin signal pathway despite having sequence homology with the Wnt family of proteins. Mice lacking this gene have abnormal blood vessel growth in the vitreous and a disorganized retina; transgenic ectopic expression of Norrin restores normal retinal vasculature. Recent evidence shows that Norrin can attenuate tPA and uPA-mediated death of transformed rat retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5) by activating the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and regulating the phosphorylation of LRP-1, a cell surface receptor for tPA and uPA, suggesting the Norrin may function in vivo by regulating kinases which may alter the phosphorylation of LRP-1.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

IL-16 was initially identified as a chemotactic cytokine, but is now known to possess a wide range of activities. Later studies have more fully characterized IL-16 as an immunomodulatory cytokine that contributes to the regulatory process of CD4+ T cell recruitment and activation at sites of inflammation in association with asthma and several autoimmune diseases. The precursor of IL-16 (pro-IL-16) is thought to be cleaved towards the C-terminal region by Caspase-3, releasing a 20 kDa active form that binds to and signals through CD4. Besides acting as a chemotactic cytokine, IL-16 is thought to also be involved in the regulation of T cell proliferation and multiple infectious, immune-mediated, and autoimmune inflammatory disorders including irritable bowel syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and neurodegenerative disorders. At least two isoforms of IL-16 are known to exist; the longer isoform (also known as NIL-16) is detected only in neurons of the cerebellum and hippocampus.

Supplier: SLICE, INC.

Sturdy and flexible, this versatile tool kit shows craftsmanship in every stitch. Sixteen pockets of varying widths carry all your tools and a zipped pocket holds small loose items. Straps adjust to keep roll up secure. Coated for weather resistance and double stitched for maximum strength.

Supplier: Cayman Chemical Company

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a component of the innate immune response that binds to cyclic dinucleotides, which are bacterial second messengers, leading to activation of NF-κB and transcription of immunomodulatory genes, including type I interferon (IFN). The H232 variant of STING is found at a 13.7% frequency in the 1000 Genome Project. The SNP variant R232 (Item No. 22816) is the most common variant in the human population, found at a frequency of 57.9%. Various mutations in STING either reduce or increase its activity. Gain-of-function mutations in STING, including R284M (Item No. 23594) and V155M, lead to constitutive activation and enhancement of the type I IFN response. The V155M mutation is associated with a systemic inflammatory condition, including pulmonary fibrosis and autoimmune factors. Mutations that reduce STING activity include K224R (Item No. 23593), which reduces ubiquitination of STING thereby disrupting its localization within the cell, and the double mutation G230A, R293Q (Item No. 23592), which reduces the IFN response. A T596A mutation present in the mouse strain Goldenticket leads to a complete loss of STING protein and lack of a type I IFN response to infection by Listeria.

Supplier: TCI America

CAS Number: 3829-86-5 MDL Number: MFCD00150061 Molecular Formula: C12H8N2 Molecular Weight: 216.67 Purity/Analysis Method: 99.0% (T) Form: Crystal

Supplier: Genetex

Four distinct colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) that promote survival, proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow precursor cells have been well characterized: granulocyte macrophage CSF (GMCSF), granulocyte CSF (GCSF), macrophage CSF (MCSF), and Interleukin-3 (IL-3, Multi CSF). Both GMCSF and IL-3 are multipotential growth factors, stimulating proliferation of progenitor cells from more than one hematopoietic lineage. In contrast, GCSF and MCSF are lineage restricted hematopoietic growth factors, stimulating final mitotic divisions and the terminal cellular maturation of the partially differentiated hematopoietic progenitors. Macrophage CSF, also known as CSF1, is produced by monocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. It stimulates the formation of macrophage colonies, enhances antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity by monocytes and macrophages, and inhibits bone resorption by osetoclasts. Natural human MCSF is a dimeric glycoprotein of 70-90 kD molecular weight, existing in multiple glycosylation forms. It binds to a 165 kD glycoprotein of the receptor tyrosine kinase subclass III, a family that includes the receptors for platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and stem cell factor (SCF).

Supplier: Prosci

Heterogeneous nuclear RNAs (hnRNAs) which include mRNA precursors and mature mRNAs are associated with specific proteins to form heterogenous ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) complexes. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L is among the proteins that are stably associated with hnRNP complexes and along with other hnRNP proteins is likely to play a major role in the formation, packaging, processing, and function of mRNA. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L is present in the nucleoplasm as part of the HNRP complex. HNRP proteins have also been identified outside of the nucleoplasm. Exchange of hnRNP for mRNA-binding proteins accompanies transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Since HNRP proteins have been shown to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, it is possible that they also have cytoplasmic functions. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Heterogeneous nuclear RNAs (hnRNAs) which include mRNA precursors and mature mRNAs are associated with specific proteins to form heterogenous ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) complexes. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L is among the proteins that are stably associated with hnRNP complexes and along with other hnRNP proteins is likely to play a major role in the formation, packaging, processing, and function of mRNA. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L is present in the nucleoplasm as part of the HNRP complex. HNRP proteins have also been identified outside of the nucleoplasm. Exchange of hnRNP for mRNA-binding proteins accompanies transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Since HNRP proteins have been shown to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, it is possible that they also have cytoplasmic functions. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.Heterogeneous nuclear RNAs (hnRNAs) which include mRNA precursors and mature mRNAs are associated with specific proteins to form heterogenous ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) complexes. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L is among the proteins that are stably associated with hnRNP complexes and along with other hnRNP proteins is likely to play a major role in the formation, packaging, processing, and function of mRNA. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L is present in the nucleoplasm as part of the HNRP complex. HNRP proteins have also been identified outside of the nucleoplasm. Exchange of hnRNP for mRNA-binding proteins accompanies transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Since HNRP proteins have been shown to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, it is possible that they also have cytoplasmic functions. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The serine/threonine kinase Stk39 belongs to the STE20 family, a group of kinases that are known to interact with inflammation-related kinases (such as p38, JNK, NKCC1, PKC-theta, WNK and MLCK), and with transcription factor AP-1. The STE 20 family is involved in diverse biological phenomena, including cell differentiation, cell transformation/ proliferation, cytoskeleton rearrangement, and the regulation of ion transporters. STK39 contains an N-terminal series of proline and alanine repeats (PAPA box), followed by a serine/threonine kinase catalytic domain and is abundantly expressed in the brain. STK39 is activated in response to hypotonic stress, leading to phosphorylation of several cation-chloride-coupled co-transporters. The catalytically active kinase specifically activates the p38 MAP kinase pathway, and its interaction with p38 decreases upon cellular stress, suggesting that this kinase may serve as an intermediate in the response to cellular stress. Recent studies show that STK39 tend to be a novel candidate gene for autism and hypertension.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) belongs to a family of cytoplasmic transcription factors that can be activated by phosphorylation by its cell surface receptor. Stat3 plays a key role in many cellular processes such as cell growth and apoptosis. It also mediates cellular responses to interleukins, KITLG/SCF,EGF, IFN-alpha and other growth factors and may mediate cellular responses to activated FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 and FGFR4. Stat3 forms a homodimer or a heterodimer with a related family member (e.g. STAT1). Activation occurs through phosphorylation of tyrosine 705 and serine 727. Phosphorylation of Stat3 at Tyr705 induces Stat3 dimerization and nuclear translocation. Serine phosphorylation is important for stable DNA-binding of Stat3 homodimers and maximal transcriptional activity. Stat3 can have a dual role in cancer, it has been found that Stat3 protein can promote oncogenesis and have a tumor suppressor role depending upon the mutational background of the tumor.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant tumor syndrome caused by mutations in either of the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes. The products of these genes form a protein complex that indirectly decreases the signaling of the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (TOR), an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that regulates cell growth and cell cycle through its ability to integrate signals from nutrient levels and growth factors. TOR activity is stimulated by Rheb, a member of the Ras superfamily of G-proteins, when the GTP/GDP ratio bound to Rheb is high. Immunoprecipitated TSC1/TSC2 has been shown to stimulate Rheb GTPase activity in vitro, suggesting that the TSC1/TSC2 decreases the ability of Rheb to stimulate TOR activity. This is supported by experiments showing overexpression of TSC1 and TSC2 results in a significant decrease in the GTP/GDP ratio bound to Rheb and the inhibition of cell growth. A shorter 40 kDa isoform of TSC1 has been shown to exist but its function is unknown.