27479 Results for: "antibody affinity chromatography"

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Dioxin is a teratogen that exerts its effects through the arylhydrocarbon receptor in conjunction with the receptor's binding partner, arylhydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator. AHRR represses signal transduction by the arylhydrocarbon receptor by competing with the arylhydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator for binding to the arylhydrocarbon receptor. Expression of the repressor is stimulated by the receptor/translocator heterodimer, thereby regulating receptor function through a negative feedback mechanism. In addition, AHRR can bind to nuclear factor kappa-B.Dioxin is a teratogen that exerts its effects through the arylhydrocarbon receptor in conjunction with the receptor's binding partner, arylhydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator. The protein encoded by this gene represses signal transduction by the arylhydrocarbon receptor by competing with the arylhydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator for binding to the arylhydrocarbon receptor. Expression of the repressor is stimulated by the receptor/translocator heterodimer, thereby regulating receptor function through a negative feedback mechanism. In addition, the encoded protein can bind to nuclear factor kappa-B. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Entrez Gene record to access additional publications.

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ZSCAN2 contains several copies of zinc finger motif, which is commonly found in transcriptional regulatory proteins. Studies in mice show that ZSCAN2 is expressed during embryonic development, and specifically in the testis in adult mice, suggesting that it may play a role in regulating genes in germ cells.The protein encoded by this gene contains several copies of zinc finger motif, which is commonly found in transcriptional regulatory proteins. Studies in mice show that this gene is expressed during embryonic development, and specifically in the testis in adult mice, suggesting that it may play a role in regulating genes in germ cells. Alternative splicing of this gene results in several transcript variants encoding different isoforms.The protein encoded by this gene contains several copies of zinc finger motif, which is commonly found in transcriptional regulatory proteins. Studies in mice show that this gene is expressed during embryonic development, and specifically in the testis in adult mice, suggesting that it may play a role in regulating genes in germ cells. Alternative splicing of this gene results in several transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

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A-Raf, B-Raf and c-Raf (Raf-1) are the main effectors recruited by GTP-bound Ras to activate the MEK-MAP kinase pathway. Activation of c-Raf is the best understood and involves phosphorylation at multiple activating sites including Ser338, Tyr341, Thr491, Ser494, Ser497 and Ser499. p21-activated protein kinase (PAK) has been shown to phosphorylate c-Raf at Ser338 and the Src family phosphorylates Tyr341 to induce c-Raf activity (3, 4). Ser338 of c-Raf corresponds to similar sites in A-Raf (Ser299) and B-Raf (Ser445), although this site is constitutively phosphorylated in B-Raf. Inhibitory 14-3-3 binding sites on c-Raf (Ser259 and Ser621) can be phosphorylated by Akt and AMPK, respectively (6, 7). While A-Raf, B-Raf and c-Raf are similar in sequence and function, differential regulation has been observed (8). Of particular interest, B-Raf contains three consensus Akt phosphorylation sites (Ser364, Ser428 and Thr439) and lacks a site equivalent to Tyr341 of c-Raf (8, 9). The B-Raf mutation V600E results in elevated kinase activity and is commonly found in malignant melanoma (10). Six residues of c-Raf (Ser29, Ser43, Ser289, Ser296, Ser301 and Ser642) become hyperphosphorylated in a manner consistent with c-Raf inactivation. The hyperphosphorylation of these six sites is dependent on downstream MEK signaling and renders c-Raf unresponsive to

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TYMS catalyzes the methylation of deoxyuridylate to deoxythymidylate using 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (methylene-THF) as a cofactor. This function maintains the dTMP (thymidine-5-prime monophosphate) pool critical for DNA replication and repair. The enzyme has been of interest as a target for cancer chemotherapeutic agents. It is considered to be the primary site of action for 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluoro-2-prime-deoxyuridine, and some folate analogs.Thymidylate synthase catalyzes the methylation of deoxyuridylate to deoxythymidylate using 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (methylene-THF) as a cofactor. This function maintains the dTMP (thymidine-5-prime monophosphate) pool critical for DNA replication and repair. The enzyme has been of interest as a target for cancer chemotherapeutic agents. It is considered to be the primary site of action for 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluoro-2-prime-deoxyuridine, and some folate analogs. Expression of this gene and that of a naturally occuring antisense transcript rTSalpha (GeneID:55556) vary inversely when cell-growth progresses from late-log to plateau phase. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Entrez Gene record to access additional publications. PRIMARYREFSEQ_SPAN PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN COMP 1-47 CR601528.1 1-47 48-1099 X02308.1 14-1065 1100-1603 BC083512.1 1067-1570

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INHA(A-inhibin subunit precursor, inhibin alpha subunit ),also called inhibin(alpha) ,which is located on chromosome 2q33-q36. Inhibin is a gonadal protein that preferentially suppresses the secretion of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Inhibin comprises of two subunits,Inhibin A and B. Inhibin has been shown to regulate gonadal stromal cell proliferation negatively and to have tumor suppressor activity. In addition, serum levels of inhibin have been shown to reflect the size of granulosa cell tumors and can therefore be used as a marker for primary as well as recurrent disease. In addition to their role in endocrine feedback in the reproductive sytem, inhibins subserve local regulatory roles in numerous extragonadal tissues, including brain, adrenal,bone marrow, placenta, and most notably anterior pituitary. Inhibin alpha subunit gene expression is down regulated in human prostate cancer, suggesting a tumor suppressive role.

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Transcription factor that is involved in embryonic development, establishment of tissue-specific gene expression and regulation of gene expression in differentiated tissues. Is thought to act as a 'pioneer' factor opening the compacted chromatin for other proteins through interactions with nucleosomal core histones and thereby replacing linker histones at target enhancer and/or promoter sites. Binds DNA with the consensus sequence 5'-[AC]A[AT]T[AG]TT[GT][AG][CT]T[CT]-3'. In embryonic development is required for notochord formation. Involved in the development of multiple endoderm-derived organ systems such as the liver, pancreas and lungs; FOXA1 and FOXA2 seem to have at least in part redundant roles. Originally discribed as a transcription activator for a number of liver genes such as AFP, albumin, tyrosine aminotransferase, PEPCK, etc. Interacts with the cis-acting regulatory regions of these genes. Involved in glucose homeostasis; regulates the expression of genes important for glucose sensing in pancreatic beta-cells and glucose homeostasis. Involved in regulation of fat metabolism. Binds to fibrinogen beta promoter and is involved in IL6-induced fibrinogen beta transcriptional activation.

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Tyrosine kinase that plays an essential role for the selection and maturation of developing T-cell in the thymus and in mature T-cell function. Is constitutively associated with the cytoplasmic portions of the CD4 and CD8 surface receptors and plays a key role in T-cell antigen receptor(TCR)-linked signal transduction pathways. Association of the TCR with a peptide antigen-bound MHC complex facilitates the interaction of CD4 and CD8 with MHC class II and class I molecules, respectively, and thereby recruits the associated LCK to the vicinity of the TCR/CD3 complex. LCK then phosphorylates tyrosines residues within the immunoreceptor tyrosines-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in the cytoplasmic tails of the TCRgamma chains and CD3 subunits, initiating the TCR/CD3 signaling pathway. In addition, contributes to signaling by other receptor molecules. Associates directly with the cytoplasmic tail of CD2, and upon engagement of the CD2 molecule, LCK undergoes hyperphosphorylation and activation. Also plays a role in the IL2 receptor-linked signaling pathway that controls T-cell proliferative response. Binding of IL2 to its receptor results in increased activity of LCK. Is expressed at all stages of thymocyte development and is required for the regulation of maturation events that are governed by both pre-TCR and mature alpha beta TCR.

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Tyrosine kinase that plays an essential role for the selection and maturation of developing T-cell in the thymus and in mature T-cell function. Is constitutively associated with the cytoplasmic portions of the CD4 and CD8 surface receptors and plays a key role in T-cell antigen receptor(TCR)-linked signal transduction pathways. Association of the TCR with a peptide antigen-bound MHC complex facilitates the interaction of CD4 and CD8 with MHC class II and class I molecules, respectively, and thereby recruits the associated LCK to the vicinity of the TCR/CD3 complex. LCK then phosphorylates tyrosines residues within the immunoreceptor tyrosines-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in the cytoplasmic tails of the TCRgamma chains and CD3 subunits, initiating the TCR/CD3 signaling pathway. In addition, contributes to signaling by other receptor molecules. Associates directly with the cytoplasmic tail of CD2, and upon engagement of the CD2 molecule, LCK undergoes hyperphosphorylation and activation. Also plays a role in the IL2 receptor-linked signaling pathway that controls T-cell proliferative response. Binding of IL2 to its receptor results in increased activity of LCK. Is expressed at all stages of thymocyte development and is required for the regulation of maturation events that are governed by both pre-TCR and mature alpha beta TCR.

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Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms. Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.

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ZNF197 belongs to the zinc finger protein superfamily, members of which are regulatory proteins characterized by nucleic acid-binding zinc finger domains. The protein contains 20 tandemly arrayed C2H2-type zinc fingers, a Kruppel-associated box (KRAB) domain, and a SCAN box. This transcript turns over rapidly and contains 3' UTR AUUUA motifs, which are often a hallmark of rapid turnover. It is overexpressed in some thyroid papillary carcinomas.This gene product belongs to the zinc finger protein superfamily, members of which are regulatory proteins characterized by nucleic acid-binding zinc finger domains. The encoded protein contains 20 tandemly arrayed C2H2-type zinc fingers, a Kruppel-associated box (KRAB) domain, and a SCAN box. This transcript turns over rapidly and contains 3' UTR AUUUA motifs, which are often a hallmark of rapid turnover. It is overexpressed in some thyroid papillary carcinomas. This gene is located in a cluster of zinc finger genes at 3p21. Two alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described.

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In response to DNA damage and replication blocks, cell cycle progression is halted through the control of critical cell cycle regulators. The protein encoded by Chk2 gene is a cell cycle checkpoint regulator and putative tumor suppressor. It contains a forkhead-associated protein interaction domain essential for activation in response to DNA damage and is rapidly phosphorylated in response to replication blocks and DNA damage. When activated, the encoded protein is known to inhibit CDC25C phosphatase, preventing entry into mitosis, and has been shown to stabilize the tumor suppressor protein p53, leading to cell cycle arrest in G1. In addition, this protein interacts with and phosphorylates BRCA1, allowing BRCA1 to restore survival after DNA damage. Mutations in this gene have been linked with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a highly penetrant familial cancer phenotype usually associated with inherited mutations in TP53. Also, mutations in this gene are thought to confer a predisposition to sarcomas, breast cancer, and brain tumors. This nuclear protein is a member of the CDS1 subfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

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Required for checkpoint mediated cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage or the presence of unreplicated DNA. May also negatively regulate cell cycle progression during unperturbed cell cycles. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [R-X-X-S/T]. Binds to and phosphorylates CDC25A, CDC25B and CDC25C. Phosphorylation of CDC25A at 'Ser-178' and 'Thr-507' and phosphorylation of CDC25C at 'Ser-216' creates binding sites for 14-3-3 proteins which inhibit CDC25A and CDC25C. Phosphorylation of CDC25A at 'Ser-76', 'Ser-124', 'Ser-178', 'Ser-279' and 'Ser-293' promotes proteolysis of CDC25A. Inhibition of CDC25 activity leads to increased inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of CDK-cyclin complexes and blocks cell cycle progression. Binds to and phosphorylates RAD51 at 'Thr-309', which may enhance the association of RAD51 with chromatin and promote DNA repair by homologous recombination. Binds to and phosphorylates TLK1 at 'Ser-743', which prevents the TLK1-dependent phosphorylation of the chromatin assembly factor ASF1A. This may affect chromatin assembly during S phase or DNA repair. May also phosphorylate multiple sites within the C-terminus of TP53, which promotes activation of TP53 by acetylation and enhances suppression of cellular proliferation.

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General protein kinase capable of phosphorylating several known proteins. Phosphorylates TBC1D4. Signals downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to mediate the effects of various growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Plays a role in glucose transport by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter to the cell surface. Mediates the antiapoptotic effects of IGF-I. Mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 at 'Ser-939' and 'Thr-1462', thereby activating mTORC1 signaling and leading to both phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and in activation of RPS6KB1. Promotes glycogen synthesis by mediating the insulin-induced activation of glycogen synthase. /General protein kinase capable of phosphorylating several known proteins. IGF-1 leads to the activation of AKT3, which may play a role in regulating cell survival. Capable of phosphorylating several known proteins. Truncated isoform 2/PKB gamma 1 without the second serine phosphorylation site could still be stimulated but to a lesser extent.

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ATP5F1 is a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the b subunit of the proton channel.This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the b subunit of the proton channel.

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Essential proto-oncogenic transcriptional regulator necessary for development and differentiation of erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages. Transcriptional repressor or activator depending on both promoter and cell type context; represses promoter activity of SOCS1 and SOCS3 and thus, may regulate cytokine signaling pathways. Cooperates with GATA1 to repress target gene transcription, such as the apoptosis regulator BCL2L1; GFI1B silencing in leukemic cell lines markedly increase apoptosis rate. Inhibits down-regulation of MYC and MYB as well as the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1A/P21WAF1 in IL6-treated myelomonocytic cells. Represses expression of GATA3 in T-cell lymphomas and inhibits GATA1-mediated transcription; as GATA1 also mediates erythroid GFI1B transcription, both GATA1 and GFI1B participate in a feedback regulatory pathway controlling the expression of GFI1B gene in erythroid cells. Suppresses GATA1-mediated stimulation of GFI1B promoter through protein interaction. Binds to gamma-satellite DNA and to its own promoter, auto-repressing its own expression. Alters histone methylation by recruiting histone methyltransferase to target genes promoters. Plays a role in heterochromatin formation.

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In vertebrates, the genes encoding the class of transcription factors called homeobox genes are found in clusters named A, B, C, and D on four separate chromosomes. Expression of these proteins is spatially and temporally regulated during embryonic development. HOXA5 is a DNA-binding transcription factor which may regulate gene expression, morphogenesis, and differentiation. Methylation of the gene encoding HOXA5 may result in the loss of its expression and, since the encoded protein upregulates the tumor suppressor p53, this protein may play an important role in tumorigenesis.In vertebrates, the genes encoding the class of transcription factors called homeobox genes are found in clusters named A, B, C, and D on four separate chromosomes. Expression of these proteins is spatially and temporally regulated during embryonic development. This gene is part of the A cluster on chromosome 7 and encodes a DNA-binding transcription factor which may regulate gene expression, morphogenesis, and differentiation. Methylation of this gene may result in the loss of its expression and, since the encoded protein upregulates the tumor suppressor p53, this protein may play an important role in tumorigenesis. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Entrez Gene record to access additional publications.

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Oncostatin M is a member of the IL6 family of cytokines. Functional receptors for IL6 family cytokines are multisubunit complexes involving members of the hematopoietin receptor superfamily. Many IL6 cytokines utilize gp130 as a common receptor subunit. OSM binds to the gp130 receptor subunit and, in association with the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor, induces a proliferative response in permissive cells. OSMR is an alternative subunit (for an OSM receptor complex (a heterodimer of gp130 and OSMR) that is activated by OSM but not by LIF.Oncostatin M is a member of the IL6 family of cytokines. Functional receptors for IL6 family cytokines are multisubunit complexes involving members of the hematopoietin receptor superfamily. Many IL6 cytokines utilize gp130 as a common receptor subunit. OSM binds to the gp130 receptor subunit and, in association with the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor, induces a proliferative response in permissive cells. OSMR is an alternative subunit (for an OSM receptor complex (a heterodimer of gp130 and OSMR) that is activated by OSM but not by LIF. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Entrez Gene record to access additional publications.

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IL28RA belongs to the class II cytokine receptor family. This protein forms a receptor complex with interleukine 10 receptor, beta (IL10RB). The receptor complex has been shown to interact with three closely related cytokines, including interleukin 28A (IL28A), interleukin 28B (IL28B), and interleukin 29 (IL29). The expression of all three cytokines can be induced by viral infection. The cells overexpressing this protein have been found to have enhanced responses to IL28A and IL29, but decreased response to IL28B.The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the class II cytokine receptor family. This protein forms a receptor complex with interleukine 10 receptor, beta (IL10RB). The receptor complex has been shown to interact with three closely related cytokines, including interleukin 28A (IL28A), interleukin 28B (IL28B), and interleukin 29 (IL29). The expression of all three cytokines can be induced by viral infection. The cells overexpressing this protein have been found to have enhanced responses to IL28A and IL29, but decreased response to IL28B. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.

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Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors that includes NGF, NT3, and NT4. All neurotrophins have six conserved cysteine residues and share a 55% sequence identity at the amino acid level. BDNF is a potent neurotrophic factor that supports the growth and survivability of nerve and/or glial cells. BDNF has been shown to enhance the survival and differentiation of several classes of neurons in vitro, including neural crest and placode derived sensory neurons, dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, hippocampal neurons, and retinal ganglial cells. BDNF is expressed within peripheral ganglia and is not restricted to neuronal target fields, raising the possibility that BDNF has paracrine or even autocrine actions on neurons as well as non neuronal cells. Expression of BDNF is reduced in both Alzheimer's and Huntington disease patients. In addition, functional studies showed that age-associated changes in BDNF-mediated pathways can enhance inflammation and increase myocardial injury after myocardial infarction in the aging heart.

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STAT1 is a member of the STAT protein family. In response to cytokines and growth factors, STAT family members are phosphorylated by the receptor associated kinases, and then form homo- or heterodimers that translocate to the cell nucleus where they act as transcription activators. This protein can be activated by various ligands including interferon-alpha, interferon-gamma, EGF, PDGF and IL6. This protein mediates the expression of a variety of genes, which is thought to be important for cell viability in response to different cell stimuli and pathogens.Western blots using four different antibodies against three unique regions of this protein target confirm the same apparent molecular weight in our tests.The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the STAT protein family. In response to cytokines and growth factors, STAT family members are phosphorylated by the receptor associated kinases, and then form homo- or heterodimers that translocate to the cell nucleus where they act as transcription activators. This protein can be activated by various ligands including interferon-alpha, interferon-gamma, EGF, PDGF and IL6. This protein mediates the expression of a variety of genes, which is thought to be important for cell viability in response to different cell stimuli and pathogens. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described.

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Chek1 is a protein kinase that inhibits mitotic entry after DNA damage, required for the DNA damage checkpoint and is strongly similar to murine Chek1. Checkpoint pathways control the order and timing of cell cycle transitions and ensure that critical events, such as DNA replication and chromosome segregation, are completed with high fidelity. The mouse and human proteins share 90% sequence identity through the protein kinase domains. The sequence of the 476-amino acid human Chek1 protein is 29%, 40%, and 44% identical to those of the fission yeast Chek1, C. elegans Chek1, and Drosophila 'grapes' (Grp) proteins, respectively. Chek1 is expressed ubiquitously as an approximately 2.4-kb mRNA, with the most abundant expression in thymus, testis, small intestine, and colon. The protein has altered mobility when isolated from cells treated with ionizing radiation, indicating that Chek1 is modified in response to DNA damage. In vitro, Chek1 directly phosphorylates a regulator of CDC2 tyrosine phosphorylation, CDC25C. In response to DNA damage, Chek1 phosphorylates and inhibits CDC25C, thus preventing activation of the CDC2-Cyclin-B complex and mitotic entry

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MEK6 is a member of MAPKK protein kinase family. By using degenerate oligonucleotide primers from the conserved kinase domains of MKK3 and MKK4 two human cDNAs and 1 murine cDNA encoding closely related proteins of the MKK family were cloned. The two human clones appear to be different isoforms of the same gene generated by differential splicing: the shorter clone was designated MKK6, encodes a 278-amino acid protein, while the longer clone, designated MKK6b, encodes a 334-amino acid protein. MKK6 is about 80% identical to MKK3 and 40% identical to MKK4. 1.7-kb human MKK6 transcript is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, while an MKK6b-specific probe detected mRNA bands of 1.8, 2.4, and 4.5 kb that are enriched in heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas and liver. MKK6 plays an important role in intracellular signaling pathways leading toward activation of the p38 MAP kinase. MEK6 phosphorylates and activates p38 in response to inflammatory cytokines or environmental stress. As an essential component of p38 MAPK mediated signal transduction pathway, this gene is involved in many cellular processes such as stress induced cell cycle arrest, transcription activation and apoptosis.

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Desmosomes are cell-cell junctions between epithelial, myocardial, and certain other cell types. DSG2 is a calcium-binding transmembrane glycoprotein component of desmosomes in vertebrate epithelial cells. Currently, three desmoglein subfamily members have been identified and all are members of the cadherin cell adhesion molecule superfamily. These desmoglein gene family members are located in a cluster on chromosome 18. This second family member is expressed in colon, colon carcinoma, and other simple and stratified epithelial-derived cell lines.Desmosomes are cell-cell junctions between epithelial, myocardial, and certain other cell types. This gene product is a calcium-binding transmembrane glycoprotein component of desmosomes in vertebrate epithelial cells. Currently, three desmoglein subfamily members have been identified and all are members of the cadherin cell adhesion molecule superfamily. These desmoglein gene family members are located in a cluster on chromosome 18. This second family member is expressed in colon, colon carcinoma, and other simple and stratified epithelial-derived cell lines. Mutations in this gene have been associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial, 10. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Entrez Gene record to access additional publications.

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Calcium-activated and phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various processes such as regulation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signalosome, apoptosis and transcription regulation. Plays a key role in B-cell activation and function by regulating BCR-induced NF-κ-B activation and B-cell suvival. Required for recruitment and activation of the IKK kinase to lipid rafts and mediates phosphorylation of CARD11/CARMA1 at 'Ser-559', 'Ser-644' and 'Ser-652', leading to activate the NF-κ-B signaling. Involved in apoptosis following oxidative damage: in case of oxidative conditions, specifically phosphorylates 'Ser-36' of isoform p66Shc of SHC1, leading to mitochondrial accumulation of p66Shc, where p66Shc acts as a reactive oxygen species producer. Acts as a coactivator of androgen receptor (ANDR)-dependent transcription, by being recruited to ANDR target genes and specifically mediating phosphorylation of 'Thr-6' of histone H3 (H3T6ph), a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that prevents demethylation of histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) by LSD1/KDM1A. Also involved in triglyceride homeostasis. Serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters.

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General protein kinase capable of phosphorylating several known proteins. Phosphorylates TBC1D4. Signals downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to mediate the effects of various growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Plays a role in glucose transport by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter to the cell surface. Mediates the antiapoptotic effects of IGF-I. Mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 at 'Ser-939' and 'Thr-1462', thereby activating mTORC1 signaling and leading to both phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and in activation of RPS6KB1. Promotes glycogen synthesis by mediating the insulin-induced activation of glycogen synthase. /General protein kinase capable of phosphorylating several known proteins. /IGF-1 leads to the activation of AKT3, which may play a role in regulating cell survival. Capable of phosphorylating several known proteins. Truncated isoform 2/PKB gamma 1 without the second serine phosphorylation site could still be stimulated but to a lesser extent.

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Paired receptors consist of highly related activating and inhibitory receptors and are widely involved in the regulation of the immune system. PILRB is thought to act as a cellular signaling activating receptor that associates with ITAM-bearing adapter molecules on the cell surface.Cell signaling pathways rely on a dynamic interaction between activating and inhibiting processes. SHP-1-mediated dephosphorylation of protein tyrosine residues is central to the regulation of several cell signaling pathways. Two types of inhibitory receptor superfamily members are immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM)-bearing receptors and their non-ITIM-bearing, activating counterparts. Control of cell signaling via SHP-1 is thought to occur through a balance between PILRalpha-mediated inhibition and PILRbeta-mediated activation. These paired immunoglobulin-like receptor genes are located in a tandem head-to-tail orientation on chromosome 7. This particular gene encodes the non-ITIM-bearing member of the receptor pair, which has a truncated cytoplasmic tail relative to its ITIM-bearing partner and functions in the activating role. Alternative splicing has been observed at this locus and three variants, encoding two distinct isoforms, are described. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their full-length nature has not been determined.

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Breakdown products of phosphoinositides are ubiquitous second messengers that function downstream of many G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinases regulating cell growth, calcium metabolism, and protein kinase C activity. CDS1 is an enzyme which regulates the amount of phosphatidylinositol available for signaling by catalyzing the conversion of phosphatidic acid to CDP-diacylglycerol. This enzyme is an integral membrane protein localized to two subcellular domains, the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is thought to be involved in the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin and the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum where it functions in phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis.Breakdown products of phosphoinositides are ubiquitous second messengers that function downstream of many G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinases regulating cell growth, calcium metabolism, and protein kinase C activity. This gene encodes an enzyme which regulates the amount of phosphatidylinositol available for signaling by catalyzing the conversion of phosphatidic acid to CDP-diacylglycerol. This enzyme is an integral membrane protein localized to two subcellular domains, the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is thought to be involved in the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin and the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum where it functions in phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis. Two genes encoding this enzyme have been identified in humans, one mapping to human chromosome 4q21 and a second to 20p13.

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Interleukins (ILs) are a large group of cytokines that are produced mainly by leukocytes, although some are produced by certain phagocytes and auxiliary cells. ILs have a variety of functions, but most function to direct other immune cells to divide and differentiate. Each IL acts on a specific, limited group of cells through a receptor specific for that IL. Human IL10 is a non glycosylated polypeptide consisting of 178 amino acids. There is 73% homology between the human and mouse IL10 proteins, however, the human IL10 acts on both human and mouse target cells, while the mouse IL10 has species specific activity. The cellular sources of IL10 are CD4+ T cells and T cell clones, thymocytes, B cells and B cell lymphomas, macrophages, mast cell lines and keratinocytes. IL10 will stimulate the growth of stem cells, mast cells and thymocytes. IL10 enhances cytotoxic T cell development, and costimulates B cell differentiation and immunoglobulin secretion. IL10 inhibits cytokine production by macrophages and suppresses macrophage class II MHC expression. The human IL10 gene is on human chromosome 1.

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CLN8 is a transmembrane protein belonging to a family of proteins containing TLC domains, which are postulated to function in lipid synthesis, transport, or sensing. The protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and may recycle between the ER and ER-Golgi intermediate compartment. Mutations in this gene are associated with progressive epilepsy with mental retardation (EMPR), which is a subtype of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL). Patients with mutations in this gene have altered levels of sphingolipid and phospholipids in the brain. Childhood-onset NCL are a group of autosomal recessive progressive encephalopathies characterized by the accumulation of autofluorescent material, mainly ATP synthase subunit C, in various tissues, notably in neurons. Based on clinical features, the country of origin of patients, and the molecular genetic background of the disorder, at least seven different forms are thought to exist. CLN8 is characterized by normal early development, onset of generalized seizures between 5 and 10 years, and subsequent progressive mental retardation.This gene encodes a transmembrane protein belonging to a family of proteins containing TLC domains, which are postulated to function in lipid synthesis, transport, or sensing. The protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and may recycle between the ER and ER-Golgi intermediate compartment. Mutations in this gene are associated with progressive epilepsy with mental retardation (EMPR), which is a subtype of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL). Patients with mutations in this gene have altered levels of sphingolipid and phospholipids in the brain.

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Interleukins (ILs) are a large group of cytokines that are produced mainly by leukocytes, although some are produced by certain phagocytes and auxiliary cells. ILs have a variety of functions, but most function to direct other immune cells to divide and differentiate. Each IL acts on a specific, limited group of cells through a receptor specific for that IL. Human IL10 is a non glycosylated polypeptide consisting of 178 amino acids. There is 73% homology between the human and mouse IL10 proteins, however, the human IL10 acts on both human and mouse target cells, while the mouse IL10 has species specific activity. The cellular sources of IL10 are CD4+ T cells and T cell clones, thymocytes, B cells and B cell lymphomas, macrophages, mast cell lines and keratinocytes. IL10 will stimulate the growth of stem cells, mast cells and thymocytes. IL10 enhances cytotoxic T cell development, and costimulates B cell differentiation and immunoglobulin secretion. IL10 inhibits cytokine production by macrophages and suppresses macrophage class II MHC expression. The human IL10 gene is on human chromosome