27728 Results for: "affinity chromatography"

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Cellular senescence, the terminal nondividing state that normal cells enter following completion of their proliferative potential, is the dominant phenotype in hybrids of normal and immortal cells. Fusions of immortal human cell lines with each other have led to their assignment to 1 of several complementation groups. MORF4 is a gene on chromosome 4 that induces a senescent-like phenotype in cell lines assigned to complementation group B.Cellular senescence, the terminal nondividing state that normal cells enter following completion of their proliferative potential, is the dominant phenotype in hybrids of normal and immortal cells. Fusions of immortal human cell lines with each other have led to their assignment to 1 of several complementation groups. MORF4 is a gene on chromosome 4 that induces a senescent-like phenotype in cell lines assigned to complementation group B.

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ATF4 encodes a transcription factor that was originally identified as a widely expressed mammalian DNA bindingprotein that could bind a tax-responsive enhancer element in the LTR of HTLV-1. The encoded protein was also isolated and characterized as the cAMP-response element binding protein 2 (CREB-2). The protein encoded by this gene belongs to a family of DNA-binding proteins that includes the AP-1 family of transcription factors, cAMP-response element binding proteins (CREBs) and CREB-like proteins. These transcription factors share a leucine zipper region that is involved in protein-protein interactions, located C-terminal to a stretch of basic amino acids that functions as a DNA binding domain. Two alternative transcripts encoding the same protein have been described. Two pseudogenes are located on the X chromsome at q28 in a region containing a large inverted duplication.

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VAX1 is a homeo-domain containing protein from a class of homeobox transcription factors which are conserved in vertebrates. It may play an important role in the development of anterior ventral forebrain and visual system.This gene encodes a homeo-domain containing protein from a class of homeobox transcription factors which are conserved in vertebrates. Genes of this family are involved in the regulation of body development and morphogenesis. The most conserved genes, called HOX genes are found in special gene clusters. This gene belongs to the VAX subfamily and lies in the vicinity of the EMX homeobox gene family. Another member of VAX family is located on chromosome 2. The encoded protein may play an important role in the development of anterior ventral forebrain and visual system. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

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TSPAN6 is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family. Most of these members are cell-surface proteins that are characterized by the presence of four hydrophobic domains. The proteins mediate signal transduction events that play a role in the regulation of cell development, activation, growth and motility. This protein is a cell surface glycoprotein and is highly similar in sequence to the transmembrane 4 superfamily member 2. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family. Most of these members are cell-surface proteins that are characterized by the presence of four hydrophobic domains. The proteins mediate signal transduction events that play a role in the regulation of cell development, activation, growth and motility. This encoded protein is a cell surface glycoprotein and is highly similar in sequence to the transmembrane 4 superfamily member 2. The use of alternate polyadenylation sites has been found for this gene.

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ST8SIA2 is a type II membrane protein that is thought to catalyze the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to N-linked oligosaccharides and glycoproteins. ST8SIA2 may be found in the Golgi apparatus and may be involved in the production of polysialic acid, a modulator of the adhesive properties of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM1). This protein is a member of glycosyltransferase family 29The protein encoded by this gene is a type II membrane protein that is thought to catalyze the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to N-linked oligosaccharides and glycoproteins. The encoded protein may be found in the Golgi apparatus and may be involved in the production of polysialic acid, a modulator of the adhesive properties of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM1). This protein is a member of glycosyltransferase family 29.

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Interleukin 2 (IL2) is a secreted cytokine that is important for the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. The receptor of this cytokine is a heterotrimeric protein complex whose gamma chain is also shared by interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 7 (IL7). The expression of this gene in mature thymocytes is monoallelic, which represents an unusual regulatory mode for controlling the precise expression of a single gene. The targeted disruption of a similar gene in mice leads to ulcerative colitis like disease, which suggests an essential role of this gene in the immune response to antigenic stimuli. IL2 has been shown to have antitumor effects in some studies. This is probably mediated by cytotoxic effector cells.

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STAT6 is a member of the STAT family of transcription factors. In response to cytokines and growth factors, STAT family members are phosphorylated by the receptor-associated kinases, and then form homo- or heterodimers that translocate to the cell nucleus where they act as transcription activators. By screening an embryonic lung fibroblast cDNA library with a wildtype STAT6 probe, 2 variant cDNAs were identified, which were termed STAT6B and STAT6C, encoding an N-terminal 110-amino acid truncation and a 27-amino acid deletion in the SH2 domain, respectively. All the three variants are ubiquitously expressed with STAT6B expression greatest in spleen and STAT6C expression greatest in lung. STAT6B resembles an attenuated STAT6, but that STAT6C inhibits IL-4-mediated mitogenesis and cell surface antigen expression, and is not tyrosine phosphorylated

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General protein kinase capable of phosphorylating several known proteins. Phosphorylates TBC1D4. Signals downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to mediate the effects of various growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Plays a role in glucose transport by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter to the cell surface. Mediates the antiapoptotic effects of IGF-I. Mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 at 'Ser-939' and 'Thr-1462', thereby activating mTORC1 signaling and leading to both phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and in activation of RPS6KB1. Promotes glycogen synthesis by mediating the insulin-induced activation of glycogen synthase.

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Human IL13 was originally identified by differential screening of an anti CD28 activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cDNA library as an induction specific novel cytokine. It was also isolated from cDNA libraries of human T cell clones using the murine IL13 (P600) cDNA as a probe. Human IL13, a pleiotropic cytokine, is produced by activated Th0, Th1 like, Th2 like, and CD8 T cells. The gene for human IL13 maps to chromosome 5 and is closely linked to the genes for IL3, IL4, IL5, and GMCSF.

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Interleukin 11 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by mesenchymal-derived adherent cells. IL11 shares many functions of IL6 and LIF, including potentiation of megakaryocyte activity, enhancement of human myeloma cell proliferation, and enhancement of hepatic acute phase protein production. Interleukin 11 directly stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells and megakaryocyte progenitor cells, and induces megakaryocyte maturation resulting in increased platelet production. Clinically it is used to prevent severe thrombocytopenia and the reduction of the need for platelet transfusion following myelosuppressive chemotherapy.

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PPP1R13B is a member of the ASPP (apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53) family of p53 interacting proteins. The protein contains four ankyrin repeats and an SH3 domain involved in protein-protein interactions. ASPP proteins are required for the induction of apoptosis by p53-family proteins. They promote DNA binding and transactivation of p53-family proteins on the promoters of proapoptotic genes. Expression of this gene is regulated by the E2F transcription factor.This gene encodes a member of the ASPP (apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53) family of p53 interacting proteins. The protein contains four ankyrin repeats and an SH3 domain involved in protein-protein interactions. ASPP proteins are required for the induction of apoptosis by p53-family proteins. They promote DNA binding and transactivation of p53-family proteins on the promoters of proapoptotic genes. Expression of this gene is regulated by the E2F transcription factor.

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ZNF322 contains four exons and spans 23.2kb in chromosome 6p22.1 region, and transcribes a 2.7kb mRNA that encodes a protein with 402 amino acid residues.Through northern blot analysis, ZNF322 was shown to be expressed in every human tissue examined at adult stage and during embryonic developmental stages from 80 days to 24 weeks. When ZNF322 was overexpressed in COS-7 cells, ZNF322-EGFP fusion protein is detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Reporter gene assays show that ZNF322 is a transcriptional activator. Furthermore, overexpression of ZNF322 in COS-7 cells activates the transcriptional activity of SRE and AP-1. Together, these results suggest that ZNF322 is a member of the zinc-finger transcription factor family and may act as a positive regulator in gene transcription mediated by the MAPK signaling pathways.

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Histone acetylation plays a key role in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are catalyzed by multisubunit complexes. SAP18 is a component of the histone deacetylase complex, which includes SIN3, SAP30, HDAC1, HDAC2, RbAp46, RbAp48, and other polypeptides. This protein directly interacts with SIN3 and enhances SIN3-mediated transcriptional repression when tethered to the promoter.Histone acetylation plays a key role in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are catalyzed by multisubunit complexes. The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the histone deacetylase complex, which includes SIN3, SAP30, HDAC1, HDAC2, RbAp46, RbAp48, and other polypeptides. This protein directly interacts with SIN3 and enhances SIN3-mediated transcriptional repression when tethered to the promoter.

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HTATIP belongs to the MYST family of histone acetyl transferases (HATs) and was originally isolated as an HIV-1 TAT-interactive protein. HATs play important roles in regulating chromatin remodeling, transcription and other nuclear processes by acetylating histone and nonhistone proteins. This protein is a histone acetylase that has a role in DNA repair and apoptosis and is thought to play an important role in signal transduction.The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the MYST family of histone acetyl transferases (HATs) and was originally isolated as an HIV-1 TAT-interactive protein. HATs play important roles in regulating chromatin remodeling, transcription and other nuclear processes by acetylating histone and nonhistone proteins. This protein is a histone acetylase that has a role in DNA repair and apoptosis and is thought to play an important role in signal transduction. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants.

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RHBDL2 is a member of the rhomboid family of integral membrane proteins. This family contains proteins that are related to Drosophila rhomboid protein. Members of this family are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and are thought to function as intramembrane serine proteases. RHBDL2 is thought to release soluble growth factors by proteolytic cleavage of certain membrane-bound substrates, including ephrin B2 and ephrin B3.The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the rhomboid family of integral membrane proteins. This family contains proteins that are related to Drosophila rhomboid protein. Members of this family are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and are thought to function as intramembrane serine proteases. The encoded protein is thought to release soluble growth factors by proteolytic cleavage of certain membrane-bound substrates, including ephrin B2 and ephrin B3.

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Nanog is a newly identified homeodomain-bearing transcriptional factor. Nanog expression is specific to early embryos and pluripotential stem cells including mouse and human embryonic stem (ES) and embryonic germ (EG) cells. It is a key molecule involved in the signaling pathway for maintaining the capacity for self-renewal and pluripotency, bypassing regulation by the STAT3 pathway. Nanog mRNA is present in pluripotent mouse and human cell lines, and absent from differentiated cells. Nanog-deficient ES cells lose pluripotency and differentiate into extraembryonic endoderm lineage. Thus it is one of the molecular markers suitable for recognizing the undifferentiated state of stem cells in the mouse and human.

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Interleukin 2 (IL2) is a secreted cytokine that is important for the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. The receptor of this cytokine is a heterotrimeric protein complex whose gamma chain is also shared by interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 7 (IL7). The expression of this gene in mature thymocytes is monoallelic, which represents an unusual regulatory mode for controlling the precise expression of a single gene. The targeted disruption of a similar gene in mice leads to ulcerative colitis like disease, which suggests an essential role of this gene in the immune response to antigenic stimuli. IL2 has been shown to have antitumor effects in some studies. This is probably mediated by cytotoxic effector cells.

Supplier: Prosci

NFKB has been detected in numerous cell types that express cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, cell adhesion molecules, and some acute phase proteins in health and in various disease states. NFKB is activated by a wide variety of stimuli such as cytokines, oxidant-free radicals, inhaled particles, ultraviolet irradiation, and bacterial or viral products. Inappropriate activation of NF-κ-B has been linked to inflammatory events associated with autoimmune arthritis, asthma, septic shock, lung fibrosis, glomerulonephritis, atherosclerosis, and AIDS. In contrast, complete and persistent inhibition of NF-κ-B has been linked directly to apoptosis, inappropriate immune cell development, and delayed cell growth.

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CpG methylation is an epigenetic modification that is important for embryonic development, imprinting, and X-chromosome inactivation. Studies in mice have demonstrated that DNA methylation is required for mammalian development. TRDMT1 is a protein with similarity to DNA methyltransferases, but this protein does not display methyltransferase activity. The protein strongly binds DNA, suggesting that it may mark specific sequences in the genome.CpG methylation is an epigenetic modification that is important for embryonic development, imprinting, and X-chromosome inactivation. Studies in mice have demonstrated that DNA methylation is required for mammalian development. This gene encodes a protein with similarity to DNA methyltransferases, but this protein does not display methyltransferase activity. The protein strongly binds DNA, suggesting that it may mark specific sequences in the genome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

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FKBP8 is a member of the immunophilin protein family, which play a role in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking. Unlike the other members of the family, it does not seem to have PPIase/rotamase activity. It may have a role in neurons associated with memory function.The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the immunophilin protein family, which play a role in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking. Unlike the other members of the family, this encoded protein does not seem to have PPIase/rotamase activity. It may have a role in neurons associated with memory function. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Entrez Gene record to access additional publications.

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The protein encoded by TRIM68 contains a RING finger domain, a motif present in a variety of functionally distinct proteins and known to be involved in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. TRIM68 is expressed in many cancer cell lines. Its expression in normal tissues, however, was found to be restricted to prostate. TRIM68 was also found to be differentially expressed in androgen-dependent versus androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger domain, a motif present in a variety of functionally distinct proteins and known to be involved in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. This gene is expressed in many cancer cell lines. Its expression in normal tissues, however, was found to be restricted to prostate. This gene was also found to be differentially expressed in androgen-dependent versus androgen-independent prostate cancer cells.

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ENO3 is one of the three enolase isoenzymes found in mammals. This isoenzyme, a homodimer, is found in skeletal muscle cells in the adult. A switch from alpha enolase to beta enolase occurs in muscle tissue during development in rodents. Mutations in ENO3 gene can be associated with metabolic myopathies that may result from decreased stability of the enzyme.This gene encodes one of the three enolase isoenzymes found in mammals. This isoenzyme, a homodimer, is found in skeletal muscle cells in the adult. A switch from alpha enolase to beta enolase occurs in muscle tissue during development in rodents. Mutations in this gene can be associated with metabolic myopathies that may result from decreased stability of the enzyme. Two transcripts have been identified for this gene that differ only in their 5' UTR.

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General protein kinase capable of phosphorylating several known proteins. Phosphorylates TBC1D4. Signals downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to mediate the effects of various growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Plays a role in glucose transport by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter to the cell surface. Mediates the antiapoptotic effects of IGF-I. Mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 at 'Ser-939' and 'Thr-1462', thereby activating mTORC1 signaling and leading to both phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and in activation of RPS6KB1. Promotes glycogen synthesis by mediating the insulin-induced activation of glycogen synthase.

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PRDX6 is a member of the thiol-specific antioxidant protein family. This protein is a bifunctional enzyme with two distinct active sites. It is involved in redox regulation of the cell; it can reduce H (2)O (2) and short chain organic, fatty acid, and phospholipid hydroperoxides. It may play a role in the regulation of phospholipid turnover as well as in protection against oxidative injury. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the thiol-specific antioxidant protein family. This protein is a bifunctional enzyme with two distinct active sites. It is involved in redox regulation of the cell; it can reduce H (2)O (2) and short chain organic, fatty acid, and phospholipid hydroperoxides. It may play a role in the regulation of phospholipid turnover as well as in protection against oxidative injury. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Entrez Gene record to access additional publications.

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Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) is a member of the hnRNP A/B family of related RNA binding proteins that bind pre-mRNA and are involved in the processing, metabolism and transport of nuclear pre-mRNA transcripts. hnRNP A1 regulates the alternative splicing of c-Src, c-H-Ras and modifies initiation of translation of the fibroblast growth factor 2 mRNA. hnRNP A1 expression level is elevated in many cancers; knockdown of hnRNP A1 leads to apoptosis in various cancer cells. Although predominantly nuclear, hnRNP A1 is continually transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it disassociates from mRNA and is rapidly re-imported into the nucleus. hnRNP A1 binds to cis-acting repressive sequences (CRS) of HIV-1 to influence HIV-1 production. HIV-1 enhances hnRNP A1 expression and promotes the relocalization of hnRNP A1 to the cytoplasm ,

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EMAP II is a cytokine that is specifically induced by apoptosis. The release of this cytokine renders the tumor associated vasculature sensitive to tumor necrosis factor. Its precursor is identical to the p43 subunit, which is associated with the multi tRNA synthetase complex. Therefore, proEMAP II may function in binding RNA as part of the tRNA synthetase complex in normal cells and in stimulating inflammatory responses after proteolytic cleavage in tumor cells.
EMAP II inhibits angiogenesis of vascular beds and suppresses the growth of primary and secondary tumors without affecting normal tissues.

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Acts as a 'translational enhancer', driving specific mRNAs to polysomes and thus increasing the efficiency of protein synthesis. Its association with the translational machinery and target mRNAs results in an increased number of initiation events per molecule of mRNA and, indirectly, in stabilizing the mRNAs. Binds IGF2 mRNA, MYOD1 mRNA, ARBP/36B4 ribosomal protein mRNA and its own mRNA. Essential for skeletal muscle differentiation program through the translational up-regulation of IGF2 expression. Acts as a suppressor of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis by specifically binding the precursor let-7 (pre-let-7), a miRNA precursor. Acts by binding pre-let-7 and recruiting ZCCHC11/TUT4 uridylyltransferase, leading to the terminal uridylation of pre-let-7. Uridylated pre-let-7 miRNAs fail to be processed by Dicer and undergo degradation. Degradation of pre-let-7 in embryonic stem (ES) cells contributes to the maintenance of ES cells.

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Hairy/enhancer of split-related proteins, such as HEY1, are basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors implicated in cell fate decision and boundary formation. HEY genes are direct transcriptional targets of the Notch signaling pathways in Drosophila and vertebrates. This gene encodes an estrogen receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor composed of several domains important for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activation of transcription. The protein localizes to the nucleus where it may form a homodimer or a heterodimer with estrogen receptor 2. Estrogen and its receptors are essential for sexual development and reproductive function, but also play a role in other tissues such as bone. Estrogen receptors are also involved in pathological processes including breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and osteoporosis. Alternative splicing results in several transcript variants, which differ in their 5' UTRs and use different promoters.

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This gene belongs to the protocadherin gene family, a subfamily of the cadherin superfamily. PCDH8 is an integral membrane protein that is thought to function in cell adhesion in a CNS-specific manner. Unlike classical cadherins, which are generally encoded by 15-17 exons, this gene includes only 3 exons. Notable is the large first exon encoding the extracellular region, including 6 cadherin domains and a transmembrane region.This gene belongs to the protocadherin gene family, a subfamily of the cadherin superfamily. The gene encodes an integral membrane protein that is thought to function in cell adhesion in a CNS-specific manner. Unlike classical cadherins, which are generally encoded by 15-17 exons, this gene includes only 3 exons. Notable is the large first exon encoding the extracellular region, including 6 cadherin domains and a transmembrane region. Alternative splicing yields isoforms with unique cytoplasmic tails.

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This gene is a target gene of the transcription factor tumor protein p53. The encoded protein is a nuclear phosphoprotein that binds and inhibits transactivation by tumor protein p53, as part of an autoregulatory negative feedback loop. Overexpression of this gene can result in excessive inactivation of tumor protein p53, diminishing its tumor suppressor function. This protein has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, which targets tumor protein p53 for proteasomal degradation. This protein also affects the cell cycle, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis through interactions with other proteins, including retinoblastoma 1 and ribosomal protein L5. More than 40 different alternatively spliced transcript variants have been isolated from both tumor and normal tissues