27727 Results for: "affinity chromatography"

Supplier: Prosci

ESR1 Antibody: Estrogen receptors (ER) are members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Estrogen receptors, including ESR1, also known as ER-alpha and ESR2 (ER-beta), contain DNA binding and ligand binding domains and are critically involved in regulating the normal function of reproductive tissues. ESR1 is a widely expressed nuclear protein and serves as a strong activator of estrogen responsive genes (1,2). Phosphorylation of serines 104 and 106, located in the N-terminal transcription activation function-1 domain (AF-1), plays a large role in regulating ER alpha activity.

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The protein encoded by BAD gene is a member of the BCL-2 family. BCL-2 family members are known to be regulators of programmed cell death. This protein positively regulates cell apoptosis by forming heterodimers with BCL-xL and BCL-2, and reversing their death repressor activity. Proapoptotic activity of this protein is regulated through its phosphorylation. Protein kinases AKT and MAP kinase, as well as protein phosphatase calcineurin were found to be involved in the regulation of this protein. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants which encode the same isoform.

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NCAPH is a member of the barr family and a regulatory subunit of the condensin complex. This complex is required for the conversion of interphase chromatin into condensed chromosomes. The protein is associated with mitotic chromosomes, except during the early phase of chromosome condensation. During interphase, the protein has a distinct punctate nucleolar localization.This gene encodes a member of the barr gene family and a regulatory subunit of the condensin complex. This complex is required for the conversion of interphase chromatin into condensed chromosomes. The protein encoded by this gene is associated with mitotic chromosomes, except during the early phase of chromosome condensation. During interphase, the protein has a distinct punctate nucleolar localization.

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POLR3B belongs to the RNA polymerase beta chain family. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. POLR3B is the second largest core component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs. It is proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol III is composed of mobile elements and RPC2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft and probably a clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft.

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POMT1 is an O-mannosyltransferase that requires interaction with the product of the POMT2 gene for enzymatic function. The encoded protein is found in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Defects in this gene are a cause of Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2K (LGMD2K).O-mannosylation is an important protein modification in eukaryotes that is initiated by an evolutionarily conserved family of protein O-mannosyltransferases. POMT1 shares sequence similarity with protein O-mannosyltransferases of S. cerevisiae. In yeast, these enzymes are located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are required for cell integrity and cell wall rigidity. POMT1 also shows similarity to the Drosophila 'rotated abdomen' (rt) gene, which when mutated causes defects in myogenesis and muscle structure.

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DLL3 is a member of the delta protein ligand family. This family functions as Notch ligands that are characterized by a DSL domain, EGF repeats, and a transmembrane domain. Mutations in this gene cause autosomal recessive spondylocostal dysostosis 1. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. This gene encodes a member of the delta protein ligand family. This family functions as Notch ligands that are characterized by a DSL domain, EGF repeats, and a transmembrane domain. Mutations in this gene cause autosomal recessive spondylocostal dysostosis 1. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.

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MSL3L1 is a nuclear protein, which is thought to play a similar function in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation. This gene has been found to undergo X inactivation. This gene encodes a nuclear protein and has similarity to drosophila male-specific lethal-3 gene. The drosophila protein plays a critical role in a dosage-compensation pathway, which equalizes X-linked gene expression in males and females. Thus this encoded protein is thought to play a similar function in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation. This gene has been found to undergo X inactivation. There are four alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding different isoforms.

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It may catalyze the formation of the NeuAc-alpha-2,3-Gal-beta-1,3-GalNAc- or NeuAc-alpha-2,3-Gal-beta-1,3-GlcNAc-sequences found in terminal carbohydrate groups of glycoproteins and glycolipids. It may be involved in the biosynthesis of the sialyl Lewis X determinant.Synthesis of alpha-2,3-linked sialic acid to Gal (beta-1,3)GalNAc is mediated by at least 3 distinct beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferases (EC 2.4.99.4), including ST3GAL4. In contrast, only a single gene encodes the beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1), ST6GAL1 (MIM 109675) (Chang et al., 1995 [PubMed 7655169]).

Supplier: Prosci

OAT is a key enzyme in the pathway that converts arginine and ornithine into the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA. Mutations of this enzyme cause the autosomal recessive eye disease Gyrate Atrophy. This gene encodes the mitochondrial enzyme ornithine aminotransferase, which is a key enzyme is the pathway that converts arginine and ornithine into the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA. Mutations that result in a deficiency of this enzyme cause the autosomal recessive eye disease Gyrate Atrophy. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Entrez Gene record to access additional publications.

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APOBEC3G is a member of the cytidine deaminase gene family. It is one of seven related genes or pseudogenes found in a cluster, thought to result from gene duplication, on chromosome 22. Members of the cluster encode proteins that are structurally and functionally related to the C to U RNA-editing cytidine deaminase APOBEC1. It is thought that the proteins may be RNA editing enzymes and have roles in growth or cell cycle control. The protein encoded by this gene has been found to be a specific inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infectivity.

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Tight junctions represent one mode of cell-to-cell adhesion in epithelial or endothelial cell sheets, forming continuous seals around cells and serving as a physical barrier to prevent solutes and water from passing freely through the paracellular space. These junctions are comprised of sets of continuous networking strands in the outwardly facing cytoplasmic leaflet, with complementary grooves in the inwardly facing extracytoplasmic leaflet. This protein, a member of the claudin family, is an integral membrane protein and a component of tight junction strands.

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Responds to activation by environmental stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors, such as ELK1 and ATF2 and several downstream kinases, such as MAPKAPK2 and MAPKAPK5. Plays a critical role in the production of some cytokines, for example IL-6. May play a role in stabilization of EPO mRNA during hypoxic stress. Isoform Mxi2 activation is stimulated by mitogens and oxidative stress and only poorly phosphorylates ELK1 and ATF2. Isoform Exip may play a role in the early onset of apoptosis.

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Diacylglycerol kinases are thought to be involved mainly in the regeneration of phosphatidylinositol (PI) from diacylglycerol in the PI-cycle during cell signal transduction. When expressed in mammalian cells, DGK-epsilon shows specificity for arachidonyl-containing diacylglycerol. DGK-epsilon is expressed predominantly in testis.Diacylglycerol kinases are thought to be involved mainly in the regeneration of phosphatidylinositol (PI) from diacylglycerol in the PI-cycle during cell signal transduction. When expressed in mammalian cells, DGK-epsilon shows specificity for arachidonyl-containing diacylglycerol. DGK-epsilon is expressed predominantly in testis.

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Responds to activation by environmental stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors, such as ELK1 and ATF2 and several downstream kinases, such as MAPKAPK2 and MAPKAPK5. Plays a critical role in the production of some cytokines, for example IL-6. May play a role in stabilization of EPO mRNA during hypoxic stress. Isoform Mxi2 activation is stimulated by mitogens and oxidative stress and only poorly phosphorylates ELK1 and ATF2. Isoform Exip may play a role in the early onset of apoptosis.

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Promotes microtubule assembly and stability, and might be involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity. The C-terminus binds axonal microtubules while the N-terminus binds neural plasma membrane components, suggesting that tau functions as a linker protein between both. Axonal polarity is predetermined by tau localization (in the neuronal cell) in the domain of the cell body defined by the centrosome. The short isoforms allow plasticity of the cytoskeleton whereas the longer isoforms may preferentially play a role in its stabilization.

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AGR2 Antibody: AGR2 (anterior gradient protein 2) and AGR3 are members of the anterior gradient homolog family. They are secreted cytoplasmic proteins which are involved in metastasis induction and p53 tumour supressor inhibition. They may serve as molecular markers and potential therapeutic targets for hormone-responsive breast tumours. AGR2 is ubiquitously expressed with upregulated expression in prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, renal carcinomas and endometrial carcinomas. AGR2 expression is positively correlated with that of the estrogen receptor (ER) and is negatively correlated with that of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

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HKR1 is one of the GLI-Kruppel family of human genes. Members of this family have similar H-C links, i.e., a conserved stretch of 9 amino acids connecting the C-terminal histidine of one finger to the N-terminal cysteine of the next. On the basis of amino acid sequence and intron-exon organization, the genes could be placed into one of two subgroups: the GLI subgroup (with the consensus finger amino acid sequence [Y/F]XCX3GCX3[F/Y]X5LX2HX3-4H[T/S]GEKP) or the Kr subgroup (with the consensus finger amino acid sequence [Y/F]XCX2CX3FX5LX2HXRXHTGEKP).

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ENO1 encodes one of three enolase isoenzymes found in mammals; it encodes alpha-enolase, a homodimeric soluble enzyme, and also encodes a shorter monomeric structural lens protein, tau-crystallin. The two proteins are made from the same message. The full length protein, the isoenzyme, is found in the cytoplasm. The shorter protein is produced from an alternative translation start, is localized to the nucleus, and has been found to bind to an element in the c-myc promoter. A pseudogene has been identified that is located on the other arm of the same chromosome.

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Cortactin is overexpressed in breast cancer and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. The encoded protein is localized in the cytoplasm and in areas of the cell-substratum contacts. This gene has two roles: (1) regulating the interactions between components of adherens-type junctions and (2) organizing the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion structures of epithelia and carcinoma cells. During apoptosis, the encoded protein is degraded in a caspase-dependent manner. The aberrant regulation of this gene contributes to tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Two splice variants that encode different isoforms have been identified for this gene.

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ZAP70 is a 70-kD tyrosine phosphoprotein that associates with the ζ chain and undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation following TCR stimulation. The ZAP70 gene is expressed in T- and natural KILLER cells. Protein-Tyrosine Kinases (PTKs) play an integral role in T-cell activation. Stimulation of the T-cell antigen receptor results in tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of cellular substrates. One of these is the TCR-ζ chain, which can mediate the transduction of extracellular stimuli into cellular effector functions

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Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.

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Similarity to a transcriptional repressor suggests that C21orf66 is involved in the regulation of transcription. Alternative splicing of this gene results in three transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Additional transcript variants have been described, but their full-length sequences have not been determined. Similarity to a transcriptional repressor suggests that this gene's protein product is involved in the regulation of transcription. Alternative splicing of this gene results in three transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Additional transcript variants have been described, but their full-length sequences have not been determined.

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Neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) gene is used in selection of transformed organisms. It was initially isolated from the transposon Tn5 that was present in the bacterium strain Escherichia coli K12. The gene codes for the aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase (denoted aph(3')-II or NPTII) enzyme. NPTII is probably the most widely used selectable marker for plant transformation. It is also used in gene expression and regulation studies in different organisms in part because N-terminal fusions can be constructed that retain enzymatic activity. In animal cells, G418 and neomycin are used as selectable agents.

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CTGF (connective tissue growth factor) is a 38kDa, cysteine-rich, secreted peptide. It is a new member of the peptide family that include serum-induced immediate early gene products, a v-src-induced peptide and a putative proto-oncogene. Among the many functions of the CTGF gene family are embryogenesis, wound healing and regulation of extracellular matrix production.

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RNF20 Antibody: RNF20 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates chromosome structure by monoubiquitinating histone H2B. RNF20 selectively suppresses the expression of some genes such as several protooncogenes and growth-related genes, including many genes that are induced by epidermal growth factor by interfering with chromatin recruitment of transcription elongation factor SII (TFIIS). In contrast, RNF20 also positively regulates the p53 tumor suppressor as well as numerous histone H2A and H2B genes. Together with the deubiquitinase USP44, RNF20 regulates stem cell differentiation by modulating H2B monoubiquitination.

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DIS3 Antibody: The exosome is involved in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. DIS3, also known as exosome complex exonuclease RRP44, is a ribonuclease that acts directly in the processing, turnover, and surveillance of a large number of distinct RNA species. DIS3 localizes to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus and contains one PINc domain. It is widely expressed with highest expression in testis and is required for processing of 7S pre-RNA into a mature nuclear complex and, ultimately, for proper mitotic progression. Abnormal expression levels of DIS3 may be associated with colon cancer, suggesting a role for DIS3 in tumorigenesis.

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AIMP1 (Endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II, EMAP2) is a proinflammatory cytokine for monocytes and granulocytes. It is specifically induced by apoptosis and is involved in the control of angiogenesis, inflammation, and wound healing (1,2). AIMP1 was identified as one of three auxiliary factors of the mammalian aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (ARS) complex. It binds and facilitates the catalytic reaction of arginyl-tRNA synthetase. Recent studies show that CD23 plays an essential role in the AIMP1-induced immune response and might be a target in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

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Ephrin-B2 encodes a member of the ephrin (EPH) family. The ephrins and EPH-related receptors comprise the largest subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and have been implicated in mediating developmental events, especially in the nervous system and in erythropoiesis. Based on their structures and sequence relationships, ephrins are divided into the ephrin-A (EFNA) class, which are anchored to the membrane by a lycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage, and the ephrin-B (EFNB) class, which are transmembrane proteins. This gene encodes an EFNB class ephrin which binds to the EPHB4 and EPHA3 receptors.

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Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate microtubule stability and play critical roles in neuronal development and plasticity. MAP1LC3A belongs to the MAP1 LC3 family of proteins that form mature complexes with MAP1A and MAP1B which are thought to be important in the formation and development of axons and dendrites. MAP1LC3A is one of three isoforms of MAP1LC3, the mammalian homolog of yeast ATG8, an essential autophagy protein. These isoforms exhibit distinct expression patterns and MAP1LC3A, like MAP1LC3A but not MAP1LC3B, is post-translationally modified, suggesting the three isoforms may have different physiological functions.

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MEK3 belongs to MAPKK family. This kinase is activated by mitogenic and environmental stress, and participates in the MAPK-mediated signaling cascade. It phosphorylates and thus activates p38. This kinase can be activated by insulin, and is necessary for the expression of glucose transporter. Expression of Ras oncogene is found to result in the accumulation of the active form of this kinase, which thus leads to the constitutive activation of p38, and confers oncogenic transformation of primary cells. The inhibition of this kinase is involved in the pathogenesis of Yersina pseudotuberculosis.