2265 Results for: "activating reagent"

Supplier: Peprotech

SCF is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity by signaling through the c-Kit receptor. SCF and c-Kit are essential for the survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells committed to the melanocyte and germ cell lineages. Human SCF manifests low activity on murine cells, while murine and rat SCF are fully active on human cells. The human SCF gene encodes for a 273 amino acid transmembrane protein, which contains a 25 amino acid N-terminal signal sequence, a 189 amino acid extracellular domain, a 23 amino acid transmembrane domain, and a 36 amino acid cytoplasmic domain. The secreted soluble form of SCF is generated by proteolytic processing of the membrane anchored precursor. Recombinant Murine SCF is an 18.3 kDa polypeptide containing 165 amino acid residues, which corresponds to the sequence of the secreted soluble form of SCF. Manufactured using all Animal-Free reagents.

Supplier: Peprotech

G-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the development of committed progenitor cells to neutrophils and enhances the functional activities of the mature end-cell. It is produced in response to specific stimulation by a variety of cells, including macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and bone marrow stroma. G-CSF is being used clinically to facilitate hematopoietic recovery after bone marrow transplantation. Human and murine G-CSF is cross-species reactive. Recombinant Murine G-CSF is a 19.0 kDa protein consisting of 179 amino acid residues.Manufactured using all Animal-Free reagents.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Moesin (or membrane-organizing extension spike protein) belongs to ERM family that modulates epithelial integrity by regulating cell-signalling events that affect actin organization and polarity (1). The effects of Moesin on epithelial cells appear to result from inhibition of Rho signaling. ERM proteins serve a structural role in linkage of the cytoskeletion to the plasma membrane and the rescue of cells lacking Moesin by modulation of Rho signaling indicates that inhibition of Rho activity may be a more critical function of Moesin. The negative feedback loop produced by Rho's activation of ERM may be an important mechanism that prevents the excessive migratory and invasive properties characteristic of metastatic cancer cells (2). Moesin Protein is ideal for investigators involved in Signaling Reagents, Protein Substrates, Inflammation, and PKA/PKC Pathway research.

Supplier: Peprotech

IFN-γ is an acid-labile interferon produced by CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes as well as activated NK cells.  IFN-γ receptors are present in most immune cells, which respond to IFN-γ signaling by increasing the surface expression of class I MHC proteins.  This promotes the presentation of antigen to T-helper (CD4+) cells.  IFN-γ signaling in antigen-presenting cells, and antigen-recognizing B and T lymphocytes, regulates the antigen-specific phases of the immune response.  Additionally, IFN-γ stimulates a number of lymphoid cell functions, including the anti-microbial and anti-tumor responses of macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils.  Human IFN-γ is species-specific and is biologically active only in human and primate cells.  Recombinant Human IFN-γ is a 16.8 kDa protein containing 144 amino acid residues. Manufactured using all Animal-Free reagents.

Supplier: Peprotech

IFN-γ is an acid-labile interferon produced by CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes, as well as activated NK cells.  IFN-γ receptors are present in most immune cells, which respond to IFN-γ signaling by increasing the surface expression of class I MHC proteins.  This promotes the presentation of antigen to T-helper (CD4+) cells.  IFN-γ signaling in antigen-presenting, cells and antigen-recognizing B and T lymphocytes, regulates the antigen-specific phases of the immune response.  Additionally, IFN-γ stimulates a number of lymphoid cell functions, including the anti-microbial and anti-tumor responses of macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils.  Human IFN-γ is species-specific and is biologically active only in human and primate cells.  Recombinant Murine IFN-γ is a 15.6 kDa protein containing 134 amino acid residues. Manufactured using all Animal-Free reagents.

Supplier: Prosci

IFN-γ is an acid-labile interferon produced by CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes as well as activated NK cells. IFN-γ receptors are present in most immune cells, which respond to IFN-γ signaling by increasing the surface expression of class I MHC proteins. This promotes the presentation of antigen to T-helper (CD4+) cells. IFN-γ signaling in antigen-presenting cells and antigen-recognizing B and T lymphocytes regulate the antigen-specific phases of the immune response. Additionally, IFN-γ stimulates a number of lymphoid cell functions including the anti-microbial and anti-tumor responses of macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils. Human IFN-γ species-specific and is biologically active only in human and primate cells. Recombinant human IFN-γ is a 16.7 kDa protein containing 143 amino acid residues.Manufactured using all non-animal reagents.

Supplier: Peprotech

GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the development of neutrophils and macrophages, and promotes the proliferation and development of early erythroid megakaryocytic and eosinophilic progenitor cells. It is produced in endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes. GM-CSF inhibits neutrophil migration and enhances the functional activity of the mature end-cells. The human and murine molecules are species-specific and exhibit no cross-species reactivity. Recombinant Murine GM-CSF is a 14.2 kDa globular protein consisting of 125 amino acid residues.Manufactured using all Animal-Free reagents.

Supplier: Adipogen

Unnatural amino acid derivative. Pharmacological tool and potential chiral building block used as an internal standard for amino acid analysis. Suitable reagent used for the differentiation of beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine from the diamino acids by using HPLC-FD, UHPLC-UV, UHPLC-MS, and triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Used in the quantification of neurotoxin beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in seafood. It has been found to inhibit GABA transaminase (ABAT), producing elevated levels of GABA and to have an antitumor activity.

Supplier: Peprotech

IL-10 is an immunosuppressive cytokine produced by a variety of mammalian cell types including macrophages, monocytes, T cells, B cells and keratinocytes.  IL-10 inhibits the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-α.  Like IL-4, IL-10 enhances humoral immune responses and attenuates cell-mediated immune reactions.  Human IL-10 is active on murine cells, but murine IL-10 is inactive on human cells.  Recombinant Human IL-10 is an 18.6 kDa protein of 161 amino acid residues. Manufactured using all Animal-Free reagents.

Supplier: Peprotech

IL-9 is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced by IL-2 activated Th2 lymphocytes.  IL-9 enhances the proliferation of T lymphocytes, mast cells, erythroid precursor cells and megakaryoblastic leukemia cell lines.  Over-expression of IL-9 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of anaplastic lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease.  Whereas murine IL-9 can function on human cells, human IL-9 is inactive on mouse cells.  Recombinant Human IL-9 is a 14.0 kDa protein of 127 amino acid residues, including 10 cysteine residues that are fully conserved between the human murine proteins. Manufactured using all Animal-Free reagents.

Supplier: Anaspec

The AnaTag™ APC Labeling Kit is optimized for use in the conjugation of allophycocyanin (APC) to antibodies. APC is an ultra-sensitive, near-infrared fluorescent tracer with a high quantum yield (Ex/Em = 650 nm/660 nm). APC- labeled antibodies are used in applications such as flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. The AnaTagTM APC Labeling Kit contains SH-reactive APC. SMCC modified allophycocyanin reacts with the thiol groups of target antibody without the need for additional activation, thus simplifying the conjugation protocol. AnaTagTM APC Labeling Kit contains a chemically cross-linked APC (CL-APC) that is much more stable than the native APC, but still retains the original spectroscopic properties. The amount of APC supplied in this kit is sufficient for labeling up to 1 mg of antibody. The kit provides all reagents, purification columns and a detailed step-by-step protocol. Cross-linked and SMCC-activated APC are also available as separate products.

Supplier: Peprotech

GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the development of neutrophils and macrophages and promotes the proliferation and development of early erythroid megakaryocytic and eosinophilic progenitor cells. It is produced in endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes. GM-CSF inhibits neutrophil migration and enhances the functional activity of the mature end-cells. The human and murine molecules are species-specific and exhibit no cross-species reactivity. Recombinant Human GM-CSF is a 14.6 kDa globular protein consisting of 128 amino acids containing two intramolecular disulfide bonds and two potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Manufactured using all Animal-Free reagents.

Supplier: Peprotech

Both MIP-1α and MIP-1β are structurally and functionally related CC chemokines. They participate in host response to invading bacterial, viral, parasite and fungal pathogens, by regulating the trafficking, and activation state, of selected subgroups of inflammatory cells (e.g. macrophages, lymphocytes and NK cells). While both MIP-1α and MIP-1β exert similar effects on monocytes, their effect on lymphocytes differ; with MIP-1α selectively attracting CD8+ lymphocytes, and MIP-1β selectively attracting CD4+ lymphocytes. Additionally, MIP-1α and MIP-1β have also been shown to be potent chemoattractants for B cells, eosinophils and dendritic cells. Both human and murine MIP-1α and MIP-1β are active on human and murine hematopoietic cells. Recombinant Human MIP-1α is a 7.8 kDa protein containing 70 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. Manufactured using all Animal-Free reagents.

Supplier: Prosci

Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme E2 H (UBE2H) belongs to the E2 Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme family. The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. It has been shown to conjugate ubiquitin to histone H2A in an E3 dependent manner in vitro. UBE2H is the human homolog to the yeast DNA repair gene RAD6, which is induced by DNA damaging reagents. UBE2H has been associated with cancer-induced cachexia and with the regulation of sepsis-induced muscle proteolysis.

Supplier: Peprotech

TWEAK belongs to the TNF family of ligands, and signals through TWEAKR, also known as TNFRSF12A. TWEAK is expressed in a variety of tissues, including the adult heart, pancreas, skeletal muscle, small intestine, spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes. TWEAK has the ability to induce NF-κB activation and chemokine secretion, and to exert an apoptotic activity in certain cells, such as HT-29 human adenocarcinoma cells when cultured in the presence of IFN-γ. TWEAK also promotes proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. The human TWEAK gene encodes for a 249 amino acid type II transmembrane protein, which contains a 21 amino acid cytoplasmic domain, a 21 amino acid transmembrane domain, and a 207 amino acid extracellular domain. Recombinant Human TWEAK is a soluble 17.0 kDa polypeptide (154 amino acid residues) comprising the TNF-homologous region of TWEAK, and is generated by proteolytic processing of the full length membrane-anchored TWEAK protein.Manufactured using all Animal-Free reagents.

Supplier: Prosci

Neutralization: To yield one-half maximal inhibition [ND50] of the biological activity of hVEGF (10 ng/mL), a concentration of 0.05 - 0.1 µg/ml of this antibody is required.. ELISA:. To detect hVEGF by direct ELISA (using 100 µL/well antibody solution) a concentration of at least 0.5 µg/ml of this antibody is required. This antigen affinity purified antibody, in conjunction with compatible secondary reagents, allows the detection of 0.2 - 0.4 ng/well of recombinant hVEGF.. Sandwich:. To detect hVEGF by sandwich ELISA (using 100 ?L/well antibody solution) a concentration of 0.5 - 2.0 µg/ml of this antibody is required. This antigen affinity purified antibody, in conjunction with our Biotinylated Anti-Human VEGF (XP-5291Bt) as a detection antibody, allows the detection of at least 0.2 - 0.4 ng/well of recombinant hVEGF. Western Blot:. To detect hVEGF by Western Blot analysis this antibody can be used at a concentration of 0.1 - 0.2 µg/ml. Used in conjunction with compatible secondary reagents the detection limit for recombinant hVEGF is 1.5 - 3.0 ng/lane, under either reducing or non-reducing conditions.

Supplier: Prosci

Neutralization: To yield one-half maximal inhibition [ND50] of the biological activity of hVEGF (10 ng/mL), a concentration of 0.05 - 0.1 µg/ml of this antibody is required.. ELISA:. To detect hVEGF by direct ELISA (using 100 µL/well antibody solution) a concentration of at least 0.5 µg/ml of this antibody is required. This antigen affinity purified antibody, in conjunction with compatible secondary reagents, allows the detection of 0.2 - 0.4 ng/well of recombinant hVEGF.. Sandwich:. To detect hVEGF by sandwich ELISA (using 100 ?L/well antibody solution) a concentration of 0.5 - 2.0 µg/ml of this antibody is required. This antigen affinity purified antibody, in conjunction with our Biotinylated Anti-Human VEGF (XP-5292Bt) as a detection antibody, allows the detection of at least 0.2 - 0.4 ng/well of recombinant hVEGF. Western Blot:. To detect hVEGF by Western Blot analysis this antibody can be used at a concentration of 0.1 - 0.2 µg/ml. Used in conjunction with compatible secondary reagents the detection limit for recombinant hVEGF is 1.5 - 3.0 ng/lane, under either reducing or non-reducing conditions.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Glucose oxidase is an FAD-containing glycoprotein. The enzyme is specific for β-D-glucose. O can be replaced by hydrogen acceptors such as 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol. Glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger is a dimer consisting of 2 equal subunits with a molecular mass of 80 kDa each. Each subunit contains one flavin adenine dinulceotide moiety and one iron. The enzyme is a glycoprotein containing ~16% neutral sugar and 2% amino sugars. The enzyme also contains 3 cysteine residues and 8 potential sites for N-linked glycosylation. Glucose oxidase is capable of oxidizing D-aldohexoses, monodeoxy-D-glucoses, and methyl-D-glucoses at varying rates. Glucose oxidase does not require any activators, but it is inhibited by Ag+, Hg2+, Cu2+, phenylmercuric acetate, and p-chloromercuribenzoate. It is not inhibited by the nonmetallic SH reagents: N-ethylmaleimide, iodoacetate, and iodoacetamide.

Supplier: Peprotech

IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in host defense by regulating immune and inflammatory responses. Produced by T cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and keratinocytes, IL-6 has diverse biological functions. It stimulates B cell differentiation and antibody production, synergizes with IL-3 in megakaryocyte development and platelet production, induces expression of hepatic acute-phase proteins, and regulates bone metabolism. IL-6 signals through the IL-6 receptor system that consists of two chains, IL-6Rα and gp130. Murine IL-6 is inactive on human cells, while both human and murine are equally active on murine cells. Recombinant Human IL-6 is a 20.9 kDa protein containing 184 amino acid residues.Manufactured using all Animal-Free reagents.

Supplier: Peprotech

M-CSF is a potent hematopoietic factor produced by a variety of cells, including lymphocytes, monocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, myoblasts and osteoblasts. It is a key regulator of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival for blood monocytes, tissue macrophages, and their respective progenitor cells. M-CSF has been shown to play important roles in modulating dermal thickness and fertility. M-CSF is clinically used in the treatment of infection, malignancies and atherosclerosis. It facilitates hematopoietic recovery after bone marrow transplantation. Human M-CSF is reactive in murine systems, but the murine molecule exhibits no activity on human cells. Recombinant Murine M-CSF is a 36.4 kDa homodimeric protein consisting of two 156 amino acid polypeptide subunits. Manufactured using all Animal-Free reagents.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

FRS3 or fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 3 is a peripheral plasma membrane protein that is a substrate for the fibroblast growth factor receptor. During FGF or NGF stimulation, FRS3 becomes tyrosine phosphorylated and then serves as a platform for the recruitment of multiple signaling proteins for activation of the Ras-MAP kinase signaling cascade (1). FRS3 is mainly expressed in fibroblast and myoblast cell lines and undergo robust tyrosine phosphorylation in response to several mitogenic ligands. Through interaction with Rho family of small GTPases, FRS3 has been implicated in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and subsequent morphological changes in various cells (2). FRS3 Protein is ideal for investigators involved in Signaling Reagents, Protein Substrates, AKT/PKB Pathway, Angiogenesis, Cancer, and ERK/MAPK Pathway research.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Storage: +4°C, protect from light
3- (4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide is used as a colorimetric metabolic activity indicator in cell viability assays. Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Blue (MTT) is a dye used in measurement of cell proliferation. MTT produces a yellowish solution that is converted to dark blue, water-insoluble MTT formazan by mitochondrial dehydrogenases of living cells. The blue crystals are solubilized with acidified isopropanol and the intensity is measured colorimetrically at 570 nm. MTT has been used as a histochemical/cytochemical reagent and for the detection of NAD. ADP-linked enzyme systems in tissue cannot be detected with MTT, due to binding of the cation by the cyanide trap used. MTT is rapidly reduced to the formazan, which chelates with nickel, copper, and cobalt; the cobalt chelate has been used in oxidative systems.

Supplier: Prosci

Neutralization: To yield one-half maximal inhibition [ND50] of the biological activity of Human VEGF (10.0 ng/mL), a concentration of <0.2 ug/mL of this antibody is required. ELISA: In a sandwich ELISA (assuming 100uL/well), a concentration of 2.0-4.0 ug/mL of this antibody will detect at least 100 pg/mL of recombinant human VEGF165 when used with our biotinylated antigen affinity purified anti-human VEGF165 (XP-5291Bt) as the detection antibody at a concentration of approximately 0.25-1.0 ug/mL. Western Blot: To detect hVEGF165 by Western Blot analysis this antibody can be used at a concentration of 0.25-0.50 ug/mL. Used in conjunction with compatible secondary reagents the detection limit for recombinant hVEGF165 is 0.25-0.50 ng/lane, under non-reducing conditions.

Supplier: Peprotech

The IL-1 family is comprised of 11 structurally related ligands, including recently re-named IL-36 α (IL-1F6), β (IL-1F8) and γ (IL-1F9). IL-36γ is highly expressed in psoriatic plaques and in tissues containing epithelial cells. IL-36γ signals through the IL-1Rrp2 (IL-1R6) receptor, which is primarily expressed on certain dendritic cells. The interaction of the IL-1Rrp2 receptor with IL-36 ligands induces dendritic cell maturation and activation. IL-36γ also functions as an agonist of NF-κB, and can stimulate the inflammatory response in bronchial epithelial cells. Recombinant Human IL-36γ is a 17.0 kDa protein containing 152 amino acid residues. Manufactured using all Animal-Free reagents.

Supplier: Prosci

Neutralization: To yield one-half maximal inhibition [ND50] of the biological activity of human IL-11 (5.0 ng/mL), a concentration of 2.4 - 3.6 ug/mL of this antibody is required. ELISA: In a sandwich ELISA (assuming 100 uL/well), a concentration of 8-9 ug/mL of this antibody will detect at least 0.2 ng/well of recombinant human IL-11 when used with our biotinylated antigen affinity purified anti-human IL-11(XP-5164Bt) as the detection antibody at a concentration of at least 2 ug/mL. Western blot: To detect hIL-11 by Western Blot analysis this antibody can be used at a concentration of 1.0-2.0 ug/mL. Used in conjunction with compatible secondary reagents the detection limit for recombinant hIL-11 is 0.25-0.50 ng/lane, under non-reducing conditions.

Supplier: Chem-Impex International

Hemin, derived from porcine sources, is a vital compound recognized for its significant role in various biochemical applications. This iron-containing porphyrin is primarily utilized in the synthesis of heme proteins and enzymes, making it essential for research in biochemistry and molecular biology. Its unique structure allows it to participate in electron transfer processes, which is crucial for studies related to cellular respiration and metabolic pathways. Hemin is also employed in the preparation of diagnostic reagents and therapeutic agents, particularly in the treatment of conditions such as porphyria. Moreover, Hemin's ability to stabilize and enhance the activity of certain enzymes makes it a valuable tool in enzymatic assays and biocatalysis. Researchers appreciate its compatibility with various biochemical systems, allowing for versatile applications in both academic and industrial settings. With its proven efficacy and reliability, Hemin stands out as a preferred choice for professionals seeking to explore the intricate workings of biological systems.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

IRS1 is the substrate for the insulin tyrosine kinase receptor and is found in a variety of insulin-responsive cells and tissues. IRS1 protein has no intrinsic enzymatic activity but acts as a docking protein, via the SH2 domains, for mediating the insulin downstream signaling events. IRS1 has been shown to associate with the 14-3-3 family of proteins and this could play a role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity by interrupting the association between the insulin receptor and IRS1 (1). IRS1 may be associated with colorectal cancer and diet and related factors may affect the risk by modifying plasma insulin levels. Thus, the inter-individual variation in insulin signaling mediated by IRS1 may play a plausible role in the development of colorectal cancer (2). IRS1 Protein is ideal for investigators involved in Signaling Reagents, Protein Substrates, AKT/PKB Pathway, Cancer, Cellular Stress, and ERK/MAPK Pathway research.

Supplier: Adipogen

The 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) assay is routinely used in the determination of nitrite/nitrate levels in biological fluids and cellular extracts as one indicator of nitric oxide activity. The assay, as reported by Misko, uses the reaction of DAN with NO2- under acidic conditions to form a detectable fluorescent naphthotriazole. The reaction proceeds at acidic pH at room temperature. Fluorescence is monitored following the addition of NaOH, which raises pH, resulting in lower background and increased sensitivity (Ex/Em: ~365/415nm). However, detection at 450nm is recommended to avoid fluorescent blanks and increase sensitivity. The fluorescent background of DAN is low for maximum sensitivity. Detection limits of NO achieved by this method are in the high-pM range. 2,3-Diaminonaphtaline (DAN) is used as a derivatisation-reagent for the determination of selenium at low detection limits. The 4,5-benzopiaselenol-complex can be quantified by photometry or GC.

Supplier: Anaspec

The AnaTag™ R-PE Labeling Kit is optimized for use in the conjugation of R-Phycoerythrin (R-PE) to antibodies. R-PE, a fluorescent protein from phycobiliprotein family, has broad absorption bands with peaks at 565 nm (eM =1.96 x 106 M^-1cm-¹), 498 (eM =1.53 x 106 M^-1cm^-1), and 539 nm (eM =1.62 x 106 M^-1cm^-1); it therefore can be excited with versatile excitation sources. Its maximal emission can be detected at 578 nm. The broad excitation spectrum also provides the advantage of multi-color immunofluorescent staining or cell sorting. R-PE and the closely related B-PE are the most intensely fluorescent phycobiliproteins having orange fluorescence. They are significantly brighter and more photostable than conventional organic fluorophores. The AnaTagTM R-PE Labeling Kit contains SH-reactive R-PE. SMCC modified R-PE reacts with the thiol groups of target antibody without the need for additional activation, thus simplifying the conjugation protocol. The amount of R-PE supplied in this kit is sufficient for labeling up to 1 mg of antibody. The kit provides all reagents, purification columns and a detailed step-by-step protocol. Native and SMCC-activated R-PE are also available as separate products.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

IRS1 is the substrate for the insulin tyrosine kinase receptor and is found in a variety of insulin-responsive cells and tissues. IRS1 protein has no intrinsic enzymatic activity but acts as a docking protein, via the SH2 domains, for mediating the insulin downstream signaling events. IRS1 has been shown to associate with the 14-3-3 family of proteins and this could play a role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity by interrupting the association between the insulin receptor and IRS1 (1). IRS1 may be associated with colorectal cancer and diet and related factors may affect the risk by modifying plasma insulin levels. Thus, the inter-individual variation in insulin signaling mediated by IRS1 may play a plausible role in the development of colorectal cancer (2). IRS1 Protein is ideal for investigators involved in Signaling Reagents, Protein Substrates, AKT/PKB Pathway, Cancer, Cellular Stress, and ERK/MAPK Pathway research.