2181 Results for: "Staining Solutions"

Supplier: Prosci

Receptor for hyaluronic acid (HA). Mediates cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions through its affinity for HA, and possibly also through its affinity for other ligands such as osteopontin, collagens, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Adhesion with HA plays an important role in cell migration, tumor growth and progression. In cancer cells, may play an important role in invadopodia formation. Also involved in lymphocyte activation, recirculation and homing, and in hematopoiesis. Altered expression or dysfunction causes numerous pathogenic phenotypes. Great protein heterogeneity due to numerous alternative splicing and post-translational modification events. Receptor for LGALS9; the interaction enhances binding of SMAD3 to the FOXP3 promoter, leading to up-regulation of FOXP3 expression and increased induced regulatory T (iTreg) cell stability and suppressive function (By similarity). [UniProt]

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb recognizes a protein of 40kDa, identified as Thyroid transcription factor 1. TTF1 is a member of the NKx2 family of homeodomain transcription factors. It is expressed in epithelial cells of the thyroid gland and the lung. Nuclei from liver, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, colon, kidney, breast, skin, testes, pituitary, prostate, and adrenal glands are unreactive. antibody to TTF1 is useful in differentiating primary adenocarcinoma of the lung from metastatic carcinomas originating in the breast, mediastinal germ cell tumors, and malignant mesothelioma. The antibody can also be used to differentiate small cell lung carcinoma from lymphoid infiltrates. Loss of expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma has been associated with aggressive behavior of such neoplasms. TTF1 reactivity is also seen in thyroid malignancies.

Supplier: Prosci

CD45RA is an isoform of the human leukocyte common antigen (CD45). Human CD45 contains three exons which encode peptide segments designated A, B and C, respectively. The differential splicing of the exons generates at least five isoforms, ABC, AB, BC, B and O. This antibody reacts with ABC and BC isoforms. CD45RA is expressed on 40-50% of peripheral CD4+ T-cells, 50% of peripheral CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and leukemic B-cell lines. T-cells expressing CD45RA are naive or virgin T-cells. T-cells expressing CD45RO are memory T-cells. CD45RA and CD45RO define complementary, predominantly non-overlapping populations of resting peripheral T-cells. This MAb is useful in study on the subpopulation of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. It can especially be used to differentiate T-cell lymphomas (CD45RO +ve) from B cell lymphomas (CD45RA +ve).

Supplier: Prosci

Cytokeratin 8 (CK8) belongs to the type II (or B or basic) subfamily of high molecular weight cytokeratins and exists in combination with cytokeratin 18 (CK18). CK8 is primarily found in the non-squamous epithelia and is present in majority of adenocarcinomas and ductal carcinomas. It is absent in squamous cell carcinomas. Hepatocellular carcinomas are defined by the use of antibodies that recognize only cytokeratin 8 and 18. CK8 exists on several types of normal and neoplastic epithelia, including many ductal and glandular epithelia such as colon, stomach, small intestine, trachea, and esophagus as well as in transitional epithelium. Anti-CK8 does not react with skeletal muscle or nerve cells. Epithelioid sarcoma, chordoma, and adamantinoma show strong positivity corresponding to that of simple epithelia (with antibodies against CK8, CK18 and CK19). Reportedly, anti-CK8 is useful for the differentiation of lobular ('ring-like, perinuclear') from ductal ('peripheral-predominant') carcinoma of the breast.

Supplier: Prosci

CD63 functions as cell surface receptor for TIMP1 and plays a role in the activation of cellular signaling cascades. Plays a role in the activation of ITGB1 and integrin signaling, leading to the activation of AKT, FAK/PTK2 and MAP kinases. Promotes cell survival, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, spreading and migration, via its role in the activation of AKT and FAK/PTK2. Plays a role in VEGFA signaling via its role in regulating the internalization of KDR/VEGFR2. Plays a role in intracellular vesicular transport processes, and is required for normal trafficking of the PMEL luminal domain that is essential for the development and maturation of melanocytes. Plays a role in the adhesion of leukocytes onto endothelial cells via its role in the regulation of SELP trafficking. May play a role in mast cell degranulation in response to Ms4a2/FceRI stimulation, but not in mast cell degranulation in response to other stimuli. [UniProt]

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes an oncofetal antigen of 220kDa, identified as a tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG-72) with properties of a mucin. This antibody defines the mucin-carried sialylated-Tn epitope. TAG-72 is usually expressed by adenocarcinomas, but is negative in mesotheliomas. Studies have reported that this antibody has 80% sensitivity and 93% specificity for pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Therefore, TAG-72 is a useful marker to distinguish between mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma. However, false positive reactions can occur so results must be interpreted with the utmost caution. This antibody may be useful in the differentiation of non-small cell carcinomas from small cell carcinomas of the lung. The combined use of TAG-72 Ab with a GCDFP-15 Ab is valuable in the diagnosis of apocrine carcinoma.

Supplier: Prosci

PECAM-1, or platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, also called CD31, is made up of six extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, a single transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain containing serine and tyrosine residues that when phosphorylated, activate the molecules signaling function. It is expressed on platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, bone marrow macrophage and dendritic cells precursors, and at the intracellular junction of endothelial cells. PECAM-1, on the endothelial lining of blood vessels, helps maintain the vascular barrier. In response to inflammatory mediators, the endothelial pull away from each other allowing fluid, inflammatory cells and proteins into the extravascular space. The inflammatory response fades as adhesion of neighboring cells increase. PECAM-1 also plays an important role in angiogenesis, promoting endothelial cell motility, junctional development and capillary morphogenesis.

Supplier: Prosci

The antibody recognizes a single chain glycoprotein of 105/120kDa, identified as CD30/Ki-1. CD30 is synthesized as a 90kDa precursor, which is processed in the Golgi complex into a membrane-bound phosphorylated mature 105/120kDa glycoprotein. In Hodgkin’s disease, CD30 antigen is expressed by mononuclear-Hodgkin and multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells. It is also expressed by the tumor cells of a majority of anaplastic large cell lymphomas as well as by a varying proportion of activated T and B cells. This antibody distinguishes large cell lymphomas derived from activated lymphoid cells from histiocytic malignancies and lymphomas derived from resting and precursor lymphoid cells or from anaplastic carcinomas. About one third of the CD30 positive lymphomas lack the leukocyte common antigen (CD45).

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody reacts with a protein of 22kDa, identified as beta subunit of HCG. It does not cross react with the alpha subunit. HCG is a glycoprotein which is secreted in large quantities by normal trophoblasts. It is present only in trace amounts in non-pregnant urine and sera but rises sharply during pregnancy. HCG is composed of two non-identical, non-covalently linked polypeptide chains designated as the alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunit is identical to that of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). HCG-beta antibody detects cells and tumors of trophoblastic origin such as choriocarcinoma. Large cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung demonstrate antibody positivity in 90% and 60% of cases respectively; 20% of lung squamous cell carcinomas are positive. HCG expression by non-trophoblastic tumors may indicate aggressive behavior.

Supplier: Prosci

The tetraspanins are integral membrane proteins expressed on cell surface and granular membranes of hematopoietic cells and are components of multi-molecular complexes with specific integrins. The tetraspanin CD63 is a lysosomal membrane glycoprotein that translocates to the plasma membrane after platelet activation. CD63 is expressed on activated platelets, monocytes and macrophages, and is weakly expressed on granulocytes, T cell and B cells. It is located on the basophilic granule membranes and on the plasma membranes of lymphocytes and granulocytes. CD63 is a member of the TM4 superfamily of leukocyte glycoproteins that includes CD9, CD37 and CD53, which contain four transmembrane regions. CD63 may play a role in phagocytic and intracellular lysosome-phagosome fusion events. CD63 deficiency is associated with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome and is strongly expressed during the early stages of melanoma progression.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a protein of 42-46kDa, identified as MAGE-1. This mAb does not cross-react with MAGE-2, -3, -4, -6 -9, -10, -or -12 protein. Human malignant neoplasms carry rejection antigens that are recognized by the patients' autologous, tumor directed and specific, cytolytic, CD8+ T lymphocyte clones (CTL). The MAGE family of genes codes an important group of antigens. It was identified that melanomas and primary glial brain tumors express common melanoma associated antigens (MAAs). Because MAGE-1 is expressed on a significant proportion of human neoplasms of various histological types (melanoma, brain tumors of glial origin, neuroblastoma, non-small cell lung cancer, breast, gastric, colorectal, ovarian, renal cell carcinomas) and not on normal tissues, the encoded antigen may serve as a marker of early detection and target for cancer immunotherapy.

Supplier: Prosci

CD45RA is an isoform of the human leukocyte common antigen (CD45). Human CD45 contains three exons which encode peptide segments designated A, B and C, respectively. The differential splicing of the exons generates at least five isoforms, ABC, AB, BC, B and O. This antibody reacts with ABC and BC isoforms. CD45RA is expressed on 40-50% of peripheral CD4+ T-cells, 50% of peripheral CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and leukemic B-cell lines. T-cells expressing CD45RA are naive or virgin T-cells. T-cells expressing CD45RO are memory T-cells. CD45RA and CD45RO define complementary, predominantly non-overlapping populations of resting peripheral T-cells. This MAb is useful in study on the subpopulation of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. It can especially be used to differentiate T-cell lymphomas (CD45RO +ve) from B cell lymphomas (CD45RA +ve).

Supplier: Prosci

CD45RA is an isoform of the human leukocyte common antigen (CD45). Human CD45 contains three exons which encode peptide segments designated A, B and C, respectively. The differential splicing of the exons generates at least five isoforms, ABC, AB, BC, B and O. This antibody reacts with ABC and BC isoforms. CD45RA is expressed on 40-50% of peripheral CD4+ T-cells, 50% of peripheral CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and leukemic B-cell lines. T-cells expressing CD45RA are naive or virgin T-cells. T-cells expressing CD45RO are memory T-cells. CD45RA and CD45RO define complementary, predominantly non-overlapping populations of resting peripheral T-cells. This MAb is useful in study on the subpopulation of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. It can especially be used to differentiate T-cell lymphomas (CD45RO +ve) from B cell lymphomas (CD45RA +ve).

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb recognizes a protein of 165kDa, identified as carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1). This mitochondrial enzyme catalyzes synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate from ammonia and bicarbonate. This reaction is the first committed step of the urea cycle, which is important in the removal of excess urea from cells. Deficiency of CPS1 is an autosomal recessive disorder that causes hyperammonemia. CPS1 is a hepatocyte specific protein that localizes to the mitochondria of hepatocytes. It is a sensitive marker for distinguishing hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) from other metastatic carcinomas as well as cholangio-carcinomas. HCC s occur primarily in the stomach, but they are also found in many other organs. CPS1 may also be a useful marker for intestinal metaplasia. Reportedly, strong expression of CPS1 correlates with smaller tumor size and longer patient survival. Occasionally, CPS1 is also found in gastric carcinomas as well as in a few other non-hepatic tumors.

Supplier: Prosci

The CD34 protein is a member of a family of single-pass transmembrane sialomucin proteins that show expression on early hematopoietic and vascular-associated tissue. CD34 is an important adhesion molecule and is required for T cells to enter lymph nodes. It is expressed on lymph node endothelia, whereas the L-selectin to which it binds is on the T cell. Conversely, under other circumstances CD34 has been shown to act as molecular Teflon and block mast cell, eosinophil and dendritic cell precursor adhesion, and to facilitate opening of vascular lumens. Finally, recent data suggest CD34 may also play a more selective role in chemokine-dependent migration of eosinophils and dendritic cell precursors. Regardless of its mode of action, under all circumstances CD34, and its relatives podocalyxin and endoglycan, facilitates cell migration. [Wiki]

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb recognizes a protein of 130kDa, identified as Ksp-cadherin. Cadherins form a superfamily of related glycoproteins that mediate calcium-dependent cell adhesion and transmit signals from the extracellular matrix to the cytoplasm. Cadherins have been implicated in embryogenesis, tissue morphogenesis, tissue structure maintenance, cell polarization, neoplastic invasiveness and metastasis, and membrane transport. It is suggested that Ksp-cadherin is a marker for terminal differentiation of the basolateral membranes of renal tubular epithelial cells. Within the kidney, Ksp-Cadherin is found exclusively in the basolateral membrane of renal tubular epithelial cells and collecting duct cells, and not in glomeruli, renal interstitial cells, or blood vessels. Ksp-Cadherin has been suggested to distinguish Chromophobe Renal-Cell Carcinoma from Oncocytoma.

Supplier: Prosci

CD45RA is an isoform of the human leukocyte common antigen (CD45). Human CD45 contains three exons which encode peptide segments designated A, B and C, respectively. The differential splicing of the exons generates at least five isoforms, ABC, AB, BC, B and O. This antibody reacts with ABC and BC isoforms. CD45RA is expressed on 40-50% of peripheral CD4+ T-cells, 50% of peripheral CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and leukemic B-cell lines. T-cells expressing CD45RA are naive or virgin T-cells. T-cells expressing CD45RO are memory T-cells. CD45RA and CD45RO define complementary, predominantly non-overlapping populations of resting peripheral T-cells. This MAb is useful in study on the subpopulation of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. It can especially be used to differentiate T-cell lymphomas (CD45RO +ve) from B cell lymphomas (CD45RA +ve).

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a protein of 42-46kDa, identified as MAGE-1. This mAb does not cross-react with other members of MAGE-family. Human malignant neoplasms carry rejection antigens that are recognized by the patients' autologous, tumor directed and specific, cytolytic, CD8+ T lymphocyte clones (CTL). The MAGE family of genes codes an important group of antigens. It was identified that melanomas and primary glial brain tumors express common melanoma associated antigens (MAAs). Because MAGE-1 is expressed on a significant proportion of human neoplasms of various histological types (melanoma, brain tumors of glial origin, neuroblastoma, non-small cell lung cancer, breast, gastric, colorectal, ovarian, renal cell carcinomas) and not on normal tissues, the encoded antigen may serve as a marker of early detection and target for cancer immunotherapy.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody is specific to the rod domain of human Cytokeratin 19 (CK19), a polypeptide of 40kDa. Its epitope maps between amino acid 312-335. Cytokeratin 19 is expressed in sweat gland, mammary gland ductal and secretory cells, bile ducts, gastrointestinal tract, bladder urothelium, oral epithelia, esophagus, and ectocervical epithelium. Cytokeratin 19 antibody reacts with a wide variety of epithelial malignancies including adenocarcinomas of the colon, stomach, pancreas, biliary tract, liver, and breast. Perhaps the most useful application is the identification of thyroid carcinoma of the papillary type, although 50%-60% of follicular carcinomas are also labeled. Cytokeratin 19 antibody is a useful marker for detection of tumor cells in lymph nodes, peripheral blood, bone marrow and breast cancer.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes a protein of 205kDa-220kDa, identified as CD45RA, an isoform of the human leukocyte common antigen (CD45). Human CD45 contains three exons which encode peptide segments designated A, B and C. The differential splicing of the exons generates at least five isoforms, ABC, AB, BC, B and O. This antibody reacts with ABC and BC isoforms. CD45RA is expressed on 40-50% of peripheral CD4+ Tcells, 50% of peripheral CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and leukemic B-cell lines. T-cells expressing CD45RA are naive or virgin Tcells. T-cells expressing CD45RO are memory Tcells. CD45RA and CD45RO define complementary, predominantly non-overlapping populations of resting peripheral Tcells. This CD45RA antibody is useful in the study of the subpopulation of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. It is especially useful in differentiating T-cell lymphomas (CD45RO +ve) from B cell lymphomas (CD45RA +ve).

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb reacts only with the intact-HCG and not with either free alpha- or free beta-chain of HCG. HCG is a glycoprotein and is composed of two non-identical, non-covalently linked polypeptide chains designated as the alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunit is identical to that of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). HCG is secreted in large quantities by normal trophoblasts. It is present only in trace amounts in non-pregnant urine and sera but rises sharply during pregnancy. HCG mAb detects cells and tumors of trophoblastic origin such as choriocarcinoma. Large cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung demonstrate anti-hCG positivity in 90% and 60% of cases respectively. 20% of lung squamous cell carcinomas are positive. HCG expression by non-trophoblastic tumors may indicate aggressive behavior.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a protein of 40kDa, identified as NKX2.1 or Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1). TTF-1 is a member of the NKx2 family of homeodomain transcription factors. It is expressed in epithelial cells of the thyroid gland and the lung. Nuclei from liver, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, colon, kidney, breast, skin, testes, pituitary, prostate, and adrenal glands are unreactive. Anti-NKX2.1 is useful in differentiating primary adenocarcinoma of the lung from metastatic carcinomas originating in the breast, mediastinal germ cell tumors, and malignant mesothelioma. It can also be used to differentiate small cell lung carcinoma from lymphoid infiltrates. Loss of NKX2.1 expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma has been associated with aggressive behavior of such neoplasms. Reactivity is also seen in thyroid malignancies.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes a glycoprotein of ~200kDa, identified as renal cell carcinoma protein, carbonic anhydrase IX / CAIX, or gp200. Its epitope resides in the carbohydrate domain of the protein. The CAIX antibody shows no significant cross-reactivity with other carbohydrate determinants, such as the Lewis blood group antigens, epithelial membrane antigen, HMFG, and AB blood group antigens. In normal kidney, CAIX is localized along the brush border of the pars convoluta and pars recta segments of the proximal tubule, as well as focally along the luminal surface of Bowman's capsule adjoining the outgoing proximal tubule. Reportedly, it is expressed by 93% of primary and 84% of metastatic renal cell carcinomas. This CAIX antibody may be useful in the investigations of carcinomas of proximal nephrogenic differentiation, especially those showing tubular differentiation.

Supplier: Prosci

It recognizes an oncofetal glycoprotein with a single chain of 70kDa, which is identified as alpha fetoprotein (AFP). This mAb is highly specific to AFP and shows no cross-reaction with other oncofetal antigens or serum albumin. The yolk sac and the liver produce AFP during fetal life. AFP expression in adults is often associated with hepatoma or teratoma. However, hereditary persistence of alpha-fetoprotein may also be found in individuals with no obvious pathology. The protein is thought to be the fetal counterpart of serum albumin, and the AFP and albumin genes are present in tandem in the same transcriptional orientation on chromosome 4. AFP is found in monomeric as well as dimeric and trimeric forms, and binds copper, nickel, fatty acids and bilirubin. The level of AFP in amniotic fluid is used to measure renal loss of protein to screen for spinal bifida and anencephaly.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb recognizes a protein of 130kDa, identified as Ksp-cadherin. Cadherins form a superfamily of related glycoproteins that mediate calcium-dependent cell adhesion and transmit signals from the extracellular matrix to the cytoplasm. Cadherins have been implicated in embryogenesis, tissue morphogenesis, tissue structure maintenance, cell polarization, neoplastic invasiveness and metastasis, and membrane transport. It is suggested that Ksp-cadherin is a marker for terminal differentiation of the basolateral membranes of renal tubular epithelial cells. Within the kidney, Ksp-Cadherin is found exclusively in the basolateral membrane of renal tubular epithelial cells and collecting duct cells, and not in glomeruli, renal interstitial cells, or blood vessels. Ksp-Cadherin has been suggested to distinguish Chromophobe Renal-Cell Carcinoma from Oncocytoma.

Supplier: Prosci

Eukaryotic histones are basic and water-soluble nuclear proteins that form hetero-octameric nucleosome particles by wrapping 146 base pairs of DNA in a left-handed super-helical turn sequentially to form chromosomal fiber. Two molecules of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) form the octamer; formed of two H2A-H2B dimers and two H3-H4 dimers, forming two nearly symmetrical halves by tertiary structure. Over 80% of nucleosomes contain the linker Histone H1, derived from an intronless gene that interacts with linker DNA between nucleosomes and mediates compaction into higher order chromatin. Histones are subject to posttranslational modification by enzymes primarily on their N-terminal tails, but also in their globular domains. Such modifications include methylation, citrullination, acetylation, phosphorylation, sumoylation, ubiquitination and ADP-ribosylation.

Supplier: Prosci

Thyroglobulin is a 660kDa dimeric pre-protein with mutiple glycosylation sites. It is produced by and processed within the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Prior to forming dimers, thyroglobulin monomers undergo conformational maturation in the endoplasmic reticulation. The vast majority of follicular carcinomas of the thyroid will give positive immunoreactivity for anti-thyroglobulin even though sometimes only focally. Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid are frequently anti-thyroglobulin negative. Adenocarcinomas of other-than-thyroid origin do not react with this antibody. This antibody is useful in identification of thyroid carcinoma of the papillary and follicular types. Presence of thyroglobulin in metastatic lesions establishes the thyroid origin of tumor. Anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-calcitonin, can identify medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Furthermore, anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-TTF1, can be a reliable marker to differentiate between primary thyroid and lung neoplasms.

Supplier: Prosci

CD45RA is an isoform of the human leukocyte common antigen (CD45). Human CD45 contains three exons which encode peptide segments designated A, B and C, respectively. The differential splicing of the exons generates at least five isoforms, ABC, AB, BC, B and O. This antibody reacts with ABC and BC isoforms. CD45RA is expressed on 40-50% of peripheral CD4+ T-cells, 50% of peripheral CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and leukemic B-cell lines. T-cells expressing CD45RA are naive or virgin T-cells. T-cells expressing CD45RO are memory T-cells. CD45RA and CD45RO define complementary, predominantly non-overlapping populations of resting peripheral T-cells. This MAb is useful in study on the subpopulation of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. It can especially be used to differentiate T-cell lymphomas (CD45RO +ve) from B cell lymphomas (CD45RA +ve).

Supplier: Prosci

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1 is found in extranodal low-grade B cell lymphomas. It encodes two Ig-like C2-type domains and fuses with an API2 gene, which is highly expressed in adult lymphoid tissue. The translocation of the MALT1 gene, which maps to human chromosome 18q21, and the apoptosis-inhibiting API2 gene results in an increased development of MALT lymphomas and apoptosis inhibition. Sites at which this API2-MALT1 (11;18)(q21;q21) translocation commonly occurs are within human lung and kidney tissue. MALT lymphoma expresses nuclear Bcl10, which mediates the oligomerization and activation of a caspase-like domain. MALT1 mRNA is found in pre-B cells, mature B cells and plasma cells.

Supplier: Prosci

Reacts with human CD59, a 20kDa glycosyl phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein. CD59 regulates complement-mediated cell lysis, and it is involved in lymphocyte signal transduction. This protein is a potent inhibitor of the complement membrane attack complex, whereby it binds complement C8 and/or C9 during the assembly of this complex, thereby inhibiting the incorporation of multiple copies of C9 into the complex, which is necessary for osmolytic pore formation. CD59 is widely distributed on cells in all tissues. It inhibits formation of MAC, thus protecting cells from complement-mediated lysis. The expression of CD59 on erythrocytes is important for their survival. Genetic defects in GPI-anchor attachment, that cause a reduction or loss of CD59 and CD55 on erythrocytes produce the symptoms of the disease paroxysmal hemoglobinuria (PNH). It is useful for study on GPI-anchored proteins, PNH and CD59 functions.