2181 Results for: "Staining Solutions"

Supplier: Biosensis

"Monoclonal antibody MC192 against the rat low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75NTR) is derived from the fusion of Sp2/0-Ag 14 myeloma cells with mouse immune splenocytes. MC192 monoclonal antibody was originally generated by Chandlers et al. p75NTR was originally discovered as a low affinity nerve growth factor receptor. Later it was found that it was the receptor for all neurotrophins. It mediates signals of neurotrophins for neuronal survival, apoptosis, neurite outgrowth and synaptic plasticity. Recently, it has been revealed that p75NTR is not only acts as the receptor for neurotrophins but also the receptor for many other pathological ligands such as prions, rabies virus and amyloid beta. p75NTR also acts as a co-receptor for NOGO which mediates inhibitory signals of myelin associated protein. p75NTR is highly expressed in a number of non-neuronal and neuronal cells including motor neurons during development and also in damaged neurons. MC192 recognizes the extracellular domain of the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR in rat. MC192 antibody may be used for immunocytochemical localisation of rat cells expressing p75NTR, ELISA and western blot. This antibody has also been used for the construction of the MC192-saporin immunotoxin for specific elimination of neuronal populations in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons to generate an animal model for Alzheimer's disease. Using Flow Cytometry, this antibody has frequently been employed for panning to isolate p75NTR-expressing rat cells. MC192 has a potential use as the ligand for gene delivery into p75NTR-expressing rat cells via a receptor-mediated mechanism.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb recognizes a protein of 56.5kDa, identified as cytokeratin 10 (CK10). CK10 is expressed in all suprabasal layers of the epidermis. In the epidermis, expression of CK10 strictly parallels the extent of differentiation; it is absent in the basal layer, appears in the first suprabasal layers and increases in concentration towards the granular layer. However, CK10 is rarely detected in early stages of vulvar squamous carcinomas (tumors less than 2 cm, clinical stage I) regardless of the tumor grade. In larger and more advanced tumors (greater than 2 cm, clinical stages II and III), CK10 is detected very frequently. Expression of CK10 is related to maturation of malignant keratinocytes, being preferentially detected in more-differentiated parts.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb recognizes a protein of 56.5kDa, identified as cytokeratin 10 (CK10). CK10 is expressed in all suprabasal layers of the epidermis. In the epidermis, expression of CK10 strictly parallels the extent of differentiation; it is absent in the basal layer, appears in the first suprabasal layers and increases in concentration towards the granular layer. However, CK10 is rarely detected in early stages of vulvar squamous carcinomas (tumors less than 2 cm, clinical stage I) regardless of the tumor grade. In larger and more advanced tumors (greater than 2 cm, clinical stages II and III), CK10 is detected very frequently. Expression of CK10 is related to maturation of malignant keratinocytes, being preferentially detected in more-differentiated parts.

Supplier: Prosci

Multiple isoelectric variants of calponin have been identified, however only two molecular weight isoforms exist; a 34kDa form and a 29kDa form. Expression of the 29kDa form, I-calponin, is primarily restricted to muscle of the urogenital tract, whereas the higher molecular weight variant has been demonstrated in vascular and visceral smooth muscle. In Western blotting, this mAb reacts with only the 34kDa form of calponin in extracts of human aortic medial smooth muscle and is unreactive with fibroblast extracts of cultivated human foreskin. Calponin is a calmodulin, F-actin and tropomyosin binding protein, which is thought to be involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. Calponin expression is restricted to smooth muscle cells and has been shown to be a marker of the differentiated (contractile) phenotype of developing smooth muscle.

Supplier: Prosci

IgM is the first antibody generated in an immune response to an antigen. It is generally a pentamer with each of the five immunoglobulins linked together with disulfide bonds. In its pentamer form, it has a molecular mass of 970 kDa and 10 antigen binding sites (due to the large size of most antigens, not all binding sites can be filled simultaneously.  IgM antibodies account for approximately 5%-10% of all the antibody in the body.

This mAb is specific for the human IgM heavy chain. It does not cross-react with other immunoglobulin heavy chains, T-cells, monocytes, granulocytes, or erythrocytes. IgM antibody is useful in the identification of certain cancer types. Some tumors express a single heavy chain class. Demonstration of clonality in lymphoid infiltrates indicates that the infiltrate is clonal and therefore malignant.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a protein of 210-220kDa, which is identified as the Complement receptor 1 or CD35. This mAb is specific for a site in CR1 that is distal from the C3b-binding site, so that it is unable to block CR1/CD35 activity. It is highly specific and shows no cross-reaction with CR2/CD21. The primary function of CR1 is to serve as the cellular receptor for C3b and C4b, the most important components of the complement system leading to clearance of foreign macromolecules. The Knops blood group system is a system of antigens located on this protein. Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are restricted to the B-cell regions of secondary lymphoid follicles. They are CD21+/CD35+/CD1a-. This mAb labels follicular dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cell sarcoma.

Supplier: Prosci

The tetraspanins are integral membrane proteins expressed on cell surface and granular membranes of hematopoietic cells and are components of multi-molecular complexes with specific integrins. The tetraspanin CD63 is a lysosomal membrane glycoprotein that translocates to the plasma membrane after platelet activation. CD63 is expressed on activated platelets, monocytes and macrophages, and is weakly expressed on granulocytes, T cell and B cells. It is located on the basophilic granule membranes and on the plasma membranes of lymphocytes and granulocytes. CD63 is a member of the TM4 superfamily of leukocyte glycoproteins that includes CD9, CD37 and CD53, which contain four transmembrane regions. CD63 may play a role in phagocytic and intracellular lysosome-phagosome fusion events. CD63 deficiency is associated with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome and is strongly expressed during the early stages of melanoma progression.

Supplier: Prosci

It recognizes a protein of HMW, identified as mucin 3 glycoprotein (MUC3). This mAb shows no cross-reaction with human milk fat globule membranes, MUC1, or MUC2. The Mucins are a family of highly glycosylated, secreted proteins with a basic structure consisting of a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) encoded by 60 base pairs (Mucin 1), 69 base pairs (Mucin 2) and 51 base pairs (Mucin 3). The number of repeats is highly polymorphic and varies among different alleles. Mucin 1 proteins are expressed as type I membrane proteins in addition to secreted forms. Mucin 1 is aberrantly expressed in epithelial tumors including breast carcinomas. Mucin 2 coats the epithelia of the intestines and airways and is associated with colonic tumors. Mucin 3 is a major component of various mucus gels and is broadly expressed in normal and tumor cells.

Supplier: Prosci

The c-Myc protein is a transcription factor, which is encoded by the c-Myc gene on human chromosome 8q24. c-Myc is commonly activated in a variety of tumor cells and plays an important role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. The phosphorylation of c-Myc has been investigated and previous studies have suggested a functional association between phosphorylation at Thr58/Ser62 by glycogen synthase kinase 3, cyclin dependent kinase, ERK2 and C-Jun N terminal Kinase (JNK) in cell proliferation and cell cycle regulation. Studies also have shown that c-Myc is essential for tumor cell development in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis that distribute blood throughout the cells, and which brought extensive attention in the development of new therapeutic approach for cancer treatment.

Supplier: Prosci

There are two types of cytokeratins/keratins/CKs: the acidic type I cytokeratins and the basic or neutral type II cytokeratins. The subsets of cytokeratins which an epithelial cell expresses depends mainly on the type of epithelium, the moment in the course of terminal differentiation and the stage of development. Thus this specific keratin fingerprint allows the classification of all epithelia upon their keratin expression profile. Furthermore this applies also to the malignant counterparts of the epithelia (carcinomas), as the keratin profile tends to remain constant when an epithelium undergoes malignant transformation. The main clinical implication is that the study of the keratin profile by immunohistochemistry techniques is a tool of immense value widely used for tumor diagnosis and characterization in surgical pathology. [Wiki]

Supplier: Prosci

CD8 is a cell surface receptor expressed either as a heterodimer with the beta chain or as a homodimer. A majority of thymocytes and a subpopulation of mature Tcells and NK cells express CD8a. It binds to MHC class 1 and through its association with protein tyrosine kinase p56lck plays a role in Tcell development and activation of mature Tcells. For mature Tcells, CD8 and 4 are mutually exclusive, so antibody to CD8 is generally used in conjunction with antibody to CD4. CD8a antibody is a useful marker for distinguishing helper/inducer T-lymphocytes, and most peripheral Tcell lymphomas are CD4+/CD8-. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma is usually CD4+/CD8-, and in T-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia, they are often co-expressed. It is also found in littoral cell angioma of the spleen.

Supplier: Prosci

CD45R, also designated CD45 and PTPRC, has been identified as a transmembrane glycoprotein, broadly expressed among hematopoietic cells. Multiple isoforms of CD45R are distributed throughout the immune system according to cell type. These isoforms arise because of alternative splicing of exons 4, 5, and 6. The corresponding protein domains are characterized by the binding of monoclonal antibodies specific for CD45RA (exon 4), CD45RB (exon 5), CD45RC (exon 6) and CD45RO (exons 4 to 6 spliced out). The variation in these isoforms is localized to the extracellular domain of CD45R, while the intracellular domain is conserved. CD45RB is expressed on mature B-lymphocytes and the majority of lymphomas and leukemias of B-cell origin. This antigen is also expressed on the surface of cells of myeloid lineage.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a carbohydrate determinant of Gal 1-3(Fuc 1-4) GlcNAc which is blood group antigen Lewis A. It is present primarily on epithelial cells such as colon and kidneys. In the tumors and dedifferentiated tissues, decrease of Lewis A antigen was observed. Lewis A (type 1 chain) is expressed in colonic epithelial cells and may be useful for detection of gastrointestinal tumors, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal tumors. Blood group related antigens represent a group of carbohydrate determinants carried on both glycolipids and glycoproteins. They are usually mucin-type, and are detected on erythrocytes, certain epithelial cells, and in secretions of certain individuals. Sixteen genetically and biosynthetically distinct but inter-related specificities belong to this group of antigens, including A, B, H, Lewis A, Lewis B, Lewis X, Lewis Y, and precursor type 1 chain antigens.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb is specific to kappa light chain of immunoglobulin and shows no cross-reaction with lambda light chain or any of the five heavy chains. It recognizes human Ig kappa light chains of both secreted and cell surface immunoglobulin. It detects also free kappa light chains. In mammals, the two light chains in an antibody are always identical, with only one type of light chain, kappa or lambda. The ratio of Kappa to Lambda is 70:30. However, with the occurrence of multiple myeloma or other B-cell malignancies this ratio is disturbed. Antibody to the kappa light chain is reportedly useful in the identification of leukemias, plasmacytomas, and certain non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Demonstration of clonality in lymphoid infiltrates indicates that the infiltrate is malignant.

Supplier: Prosci

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand. Induces a robust stimulatory effect on the 3'-5' exonuclease and 3'-phosphodiesterase, but not apurinic-apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease, APEX2 activities. Plays a key role in DNA damage response (DDR) by being conveniently positioned at the replication fork to coordinate DNA replication with DNA repair and damage tolerance pathways. Acts as a loading platform to recruit DDR proteins that allow completion of DNA replication after damage and promote postreplication repair: Monoubiquitinated PCNA leads to recruitment of translesion (TLS) polymerases, while 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of PCNA is involved in error-free pathway and employs recombination mechanisms to synthesize across the lesion. [UniProt]

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody is specific to SUMO1 and shows no cross-reaction with either SUMO2 or SUMO3. The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins, which include SUMO1, 2 and 3, belong to the ubiquitin-like protein family. Like ubiquitin, the SUMO proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins that undergo processing before conjugation to target proteins. Also, both utilize the E1, E2, and E3 cascade enzymes for conjugation. However, SUMO and ubiquitin differ with respect to targeting. Ubiquitination predominantly targets proteins for degradation, whereas sumoylation targets proteins to a variety of cellular processing, including nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis and protein stability. The unconjugated SUMO1 protein localizes to the nuclear membrane.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb is specific to SUMO-1 and shows no cross-reaction with either SUMO2 or SUMO3. The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins, which include SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3, belong to the ubiquitin-like protein family. Like ubiquitin, the SUMO proteins are synthesized is precursor proteins that undergo processing before conjugation to target proteins. Also, both utilize the E1, E2, and E3 cascade enzymes for conjugation. However, SUMO and ubiquitin differ with respect to targeting. Ubiquitination predominantly targets proteins for degradation, whereas sumoylation targets proteins to a variety of cellular processing, including nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis and protein stability. The unconjugated SUMO1 protein localizes to the nuclear membrane.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a 60kDa protein, identified as the heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60). Its epitope is localized between amino acids 383-447 of human Hsp60. A wide variety of environmental and pathophysiological stressful conditions trigger the synthesis of a family of proteins known as heat shock proteins (hsps), more appropriately called as stress response proteins (srps). Hsp60 is a potential antigen in a number of autoimmune diseases. In human arthritis and in experimentally induced arthritis in animals, disease development coincides with the development of immune reactivity directed against not only bacterial Hsp60, but also against its mammalian homolog.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a protein of 12kDa, identified as beta-2 microglobulin. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 molecules bind to antigens for presentation on the surface of cells. The proteasome is responsible for producing these antigens from the components of foreign pathogens. MHC class 1 molecules consist of an alpha heavy chain that contains three subdomains (alpha1, alpha2, alpha3) and a non-covalent associating light chain, known as beta-2-Microglobulin. Beta-2-Microglobulin associates with the alpha3 subdomain of the alpha heavy chain and forms an immunoglobulin domain-like structure that mediates proper folding and expression of MHC class 1 molecules. The alpha1 and alpha2 domains of the alpha heavy chain form the peptide antigen-binding cleft. Mutations in the beta-2-Microglobulin gene can enhance the progression of malignant melanoma phenotypes.

Supplier: Prosci

Cytokeratin-7 (CK7) is a member of the keratin gene family. The type II cytokeratins consist of basic or neutral proteins which are arranged in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains coexpressed during differentiation of simple and stratified epithelial tissues. CK7 is specifically expressed in the simple epithelia lining the cavities of the internal organs and in the gland ducts and blood vessels. It is found in simple glandular epithelia, and in transitional epithelium. Epithelial cells of the lung and breast both contain CK7, but some other glandular epithelia, such as those of the colon and prostate, do not. Because the protein is found in both healthy and neoplastic cells, antibodies to CK7 can be used in immunohistochemistry to distinguish ovarian and transitional cell carcinomas from colonic and prostate cancers, respectively. It is commonly used together with CK20 when making such diagnoses. [Wiki]

Supplier: Prosci

Retinol binding protein a single-chain glycoprotein belonging to the superfamily of hydrophobic molecule transporter proteins, which is responsible for transport of retinol (vitamin A1) from the liver to peripheral target tissues, like the eye, where it mediates the cellular uptake. RBP1 is synthesized by hepatic parenchymal cells where it becomes bound to its ligand retinol and is then released into the circulation, where it binds further to the protein transthyretin, to form a transporting complex, which is big enough not to be lost by filtration through the kidney glomeruli. It is detected in nearly all tissues with higher expression in adult ovary, pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and fetal liver.

Supplier: Prosci

Estrogen receptor (ER) is an important regulator of growth and differentiation in the mammary gland. It is found in two forms, alpha and beta. Both forms are widely expressed, however, alpha is the predominant form in endometrium and breast cancer cells, and beta is more highly expressed in brain, kidney, heart, lung and bone. Activated Estrogen receptor dimerizes and forms both homo- and heterodimers. ER contains five domains: A-F. The A and B domain are able to weakly activate ER in the absence of ligand. The C domain binds DNA and the E domain contains the ligand binding site. Presence of ER in breast tumors indicates an increased likelihood of response to anti-estrogen (e.g. tamoxifen) therapy. This antibody is specific to estrogen receptor alpha and shows minimal cross-reaction with other members of the family.

Supplier: Prosci

Basigin (BSG) also known as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) or cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BSG gene. This protein is a determinant for the Ok blood group system. Basigin has been shown to be an essential receptor on red blood cells for the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. It has a variety of functions. In addition to its metalloproteinase-inducing ability, basigin also regulates several distinct functions, such as spermatogenesis, expression of the monocarboxylate transporter and the responsiveness of lymphocytes. CD147 is a type I integral membrane receptor that has many ligands, including the cyclophilin (CyP) proteins Cyp-A and CyP-B and certain integrins. It is expressed by many cell types, including epithelial cells, endothelial cells and leukocytes. [Wiki]

Supplier: Prosci

CD45R, also designated CD45 and PTPRC, has been identified as a transmembrane glycoprotein, broadly expressed among hematopoietic cells. Multiple isoforms of CD45R are distributed throughout the immune system according to cell type. These isoforms arise because of alternative splicing of exons 4, 5, and 6. The corresponding protein domains are characterized by the binding of monoclonal antibodies specific for CD45RA (exon 4), CD45RB (exon 5), CD45RC (exon 6) and CD45RO (exons 4 to 6 spliced out). The variation in these isoforms is localized to the extracellular domain of CD45R, while the intracellular domain is conserved. CD45RB is expressed on mature B-lymphocytes and the majority of lymphomas and leukemias of B-cell origin. This antigen is also expressed on the surface of cells of myeloid lineage.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes a protein of 25-26kDa, identified as the Bcl-2 alpha oncoprotein. It shows no cross-reaction with Bcl-x or Bax protein. Expression of Bcl-2 alpha oncoprotein inhibits the programmed cell death (apoptosis). In most follicular lymphomas, neoplastic germinal centers express high levels of Bcl-2 alpha protein, whereas the normal or hyperplastic germinal centers are negative. Consequently, this antibody is valuable when distinguishing between reactive and neoplastic follicular proliferation in lymph node biopsies. It may also be used in distinguishing between those follicular lymphomas that express Bcl-2 protein and the small number in which the neoplastic cells are Bcl-2 negative.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a protein of 40kDa, identified as Thyroid transcription factor-1. TTF-1 is a member of the NKx2 family of homeodomain transcription factors. It is expressed in epithelial cells of the thyroid gland and the lung. Nuclei from liver, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, colon, kidney, breast, skin, testes, pituitary, prostate, and adrenal glands are unreactive. Anti-TTF-1 is useful in differentiating primary adenocarcinoma of the lung from metastatic carcinomas originating in the breast, mediastinal germ cell tumors, and malignant mesothelioma. It can also be used to differentiate small cell lung carcinoma from lymphoid infiltrates. Loss of TTF-1 expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma has been associated with aggressive behavior of such neoplasms. TTF-1 reactivity is also seen in thyroid malignancies.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes an oncofetal antigen of 220kDa, identified as a tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG-72) with properties of a mucin. This mAb defines the mucin-carried sialylated-Tn epitope. TAG72 is usually expressed by adenocarcinomas, but is negative in mesotheliomas. Studies have reported that this antibody has 80% sensitivity and 93% specificity for pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Therefore, TAG72 is a useful marker to distinguish between mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma. However, false positive reactions can occur so results must be interpreted with the utmost caution. This antibody may be useful in the differentiation of non-small cell carcinomas from small cell carcinomas of the lung. The combined use of anti-TAG72 and anti-GCDFP-15 is valuable in the diagnosis of apocrine carcinoma.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a protein of 75kDa, identified as mu heavy chain of human immunoglobulins. It does not cross-react with alpha (IgA), gamma (IgG), epsilon (IgE), or delta (IgD), heavy chains, T-cells, monocytes, granulocytes, or erythrocytes. Monomeric IgM is expressed as a membrane bound antibody on the surface of B cells and as a pentamer when secreted by plasma cells. IgM antibody is prominent in early immune responses to most antigens. Aberrant levels are associated with immune deficiency states, hereditary deficiencies, myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, chronic infection and hepatocellular disease. This mAb is useful in the identification of leukemias, plasmacytomas, and certain non-Hodgkins lymphomas. The most common feature of these malignancies is the restricted expression of a single heavy chain class. Demonstration of clonality in lymphoid infiltrates indicates that the infiltrate is clonal and therefore malignant.

Supplier: Prosci

Thyroglobulin is a 660kDa dimeric pre-protein with mutiple glycosylation sites. It is produced by and processed within the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Prior to forming dimers, thyroglobulin monomers undergo conformational maturation in the endoplasmic reticulation. The vast majority of follicular carcinomas of the thyroid will give positive immunoreactivity for anti-thyroglobulin even though sometimes only focally. Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid are frequently anti-thyroglobulin negative. Adenocarcinomas of other-than-thyroid origin do not react with this antibody. This antibody is useful in identification of thyroid carcinoma of the papillary and follicular types. Presence of thyroglobulin in metastatic lesions establishes the thyroid origin of tumor. Anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-calcitonin, can identify medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Furthermore, anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-TTF1, can be a reliable marker to differentiate between primary thyroid and lung neoplasms.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb specifically precipitates heterogeneous material of high MW, identified as perlecan, a major heparan-sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) within all basement membranes and cell surfaces. It does not cross-react with laminin, fibronectin, or dermatran sulfate proteoglycan. Because of perlecan s strategic location and ability to store and protect growth factors, it has been strongly implicated in the control of tumor cell growth and metastatic behavior. Perlecan possesses angiogenic and growth-promoting attributes primarily by acting as a co-receptor for basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). Suppression of perlecan causes substantial inhibition of neoplastic growth and neovascularization. Thus, perlecan is a potent inducer of neoplasm growth and angiogenesis in vivo and therapeutic interventions targeting this key modulator of tumor progression may improve neoplastic treatment.