You searched for: Proteins and Peptides

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Use autotaxin (ENPP2) to catalyze the production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a potent mitogen that can evoke growth factor-like responses (Moolenaar and Corven), from lysophospholipids in extracellular fluids. Autotaxin is a secreted glycoprotein that belongs to the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family, containing two N-terminal somatomedin B (SMB)-like domains, a central phosphodiesterase (PDE) domain with an active catalytic site, and a C-terminal nuclease-like (NUC) domain (Nishimasu et al.). Dysregulation of autotaxin and LPA receptors is implicated in cancer (Tigyi et al.), fibrosis (Ninou et al.), neurological disorders (Roy et al.), and other inflammation-associated conditions. Both Autotaxin and LPA are overexpressed in many cancers and can promote cell proliferation, migration, and resistance to apoptotic death (Tigyi et al.). Autotaxin was also found to catalyze the production of cyclic phosphatidic acid (CPA), an analog of LPA, which has anti-mitogenic and inhibitory effects on tumor cell invasion and metastasis (Fujiwara). This protein contains a His-residue tag at the amino end of the polypeptide chain. For consistency and reproducibility across your applications, Autotaxin from STEMCELL comes lyophilized with ≥ 85% purity, and endotoxin levels are verified to be ≤1.0 EU/μg protein.

Supplier: Advanced Biomatrix

PureCol® collagen is known as the standard of all collagens for purity (>99.9% collagen content), functionality, and the most native-like collagen available. PureCol® is isolated from bovine hides sourced from the only controlled, closed herd in the United States. Advanced BioMatrix’s manufacturing processes comply with stringent quality standards that have proven to yield unsurpassed lot-to-lot consistency.

PureCol® collagen is approximately 97% Type I with the remainder being comprised of Type III collagen. It is soluble atelo-collagen. It contains high monomer content as measured by gel permeation chromatography.

This product is supplied as a lyophilized powder with 15 mg of bovine collagen. When reconstituted with 5 ml of sterile 0.01 N HCl, a concentration of approximately 3 mg/ml is achieved.

PureCol® collagen is ideal for coating of surfaces and providing preparations of thin layers for culturing cells. PureCol®, lyophilized form is not recommended for the formation of a solid gel. PureCol® collagen is provided in user-friendly packaging for use and storage. This product is supplied as a sterile lyophilized powder.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Stem cell factor (SCF) is an early-acting cytokine that plays a pivotal role in the regulation of embryonic and adult hematopoiesis. SCF promotes cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and functional activation of cells at multiple levels of the hematopoietic hierarchy. Together with other cytokines such as thrombopoietin and Flt3/Flk-2 Ligand, SCF is commonly used to promote expansion of primitive hematopoietic stem cells and multi-potent progenitor cells in culture (Martin et al.; Kent et al.). In synergy with various growth factors, including IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-7, G-CSF, and erythropoietin, SCF increases proliferation and differentiation of myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells and a subset of lymphoid progenitor cells (Broudy). SCF is also a primary growth and activation factor for mast cells and eosinophils. SCF exists in two biologically active splice forms: a soluble and a transmembrane isoform. Upon binding to its receptor (c-Kit tyrosine kinase receptor; CD117), it activates PI3K, JAK/STAT, and MAPK pathways. SCF and signaling from c-Kit have also been reported to play an important role in pigmentation, fertility, vasculogenesis, motility of the gut via c-Kit positive interstitial cells of Cajal, and in the migration of neuronal stem and progenitor cells to sites of injury in the brain. This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF-1α) is a member of the CXC group of chemokines that binds to the G-protein coupled receptor, CXCR4, to regulate migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival of many cell types including hematopoietic stem cells, B cells, and T cells. It is produced by bone marrow stromal cells, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and neuronal cells. SDF-1α was first identified as the pre-B-cell growth-stimulating factor (PBSF) in the mouse bone marrow-derived stromal cell line, PA6, in the growth of B cell precursors (Hayashi et al.). SDF-1α primarily regulates cell motility during development and adulthood, including the homing of hematopoietic stem cells and neutrophils to fetal bone marrow during ontogeny (Ara et al. 2003a) and the recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells from bone marrow during angiogenesis in adulthood (Zheng et al.). In addition to its role in hematopoiesis, the SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling pathway is also essential for the homing of primordial germ cells to gonads (Ara et al. 2003b), the migration of granule cells in the cerebellum during neurogenesis (Zou et al.), and the migration of breast cancer cells to sites of metastasis (Muller et al.).

Supplier: Adipogen

CD40 Ligand (CD40L), renamed TNFSF5 but now also known as CD154, TRAP and gp39, is a 34-39kDa type II transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the TNF superfamily. As with other TNF superfamily members, CD40L will exist as a trimer, both as a membrane bound and soluble form. Multiple mutations and alternate splice forms of CD40L exist, often associated with pathology and leading to truncated or nontrimerizable forms of CD40L. CD40L binds to both CD40 and to integrin alphaIIbbeta3 (CD41). In the cell membrane, it also associates with a unique splice variant of CD28 (CD28i) that may facilitate CD40L signal transduction. CD40L is expressed by monocytes, NK cells, mast cells, basophils, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, dendritic cells,activated and resting B cells, plus activated platelets and CD4+ T cells. CD40L ligation of CD40 on dendritic cells (DC) initiates DC maturation and differentiation. CD40L signaling into naive B cells promotes germinal center formation and isotope switching. CD40-CD40L seems to bridge innate and adaptive immune signals.

Supplier: Adipogen

CD276 (B7-H3) is a member of the B7/CD28 superfamily of costimulatory molecules serving as an accessory modulator of T cell response. B7 family molecules, which are expressed on antigen-presenting cells and display extracellular regions containing immunoglobulin (Ig) variable (V)- and constant (C)-like domains, are known to modulate T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T cell activation by providing co-signals that are either stimulatory or inhibitory. B7-H3 provides a stimulatory signal to T cells. However, recent studies suggest a negative regulatory role for B7-H3 in T cell responses. B7-H3 inhibited T cell proliferation mediated by antibody to T cell receptor or allogeneic antigen-presenting cells. B7-H3 is a negative regulator that preferentially affects T(H)1 responses. B7-H3 may play an important role in muscle-immune interactions, providing further evidence of the active role of muscle cells in local immunoregulatory processes. Recently, B7-H3 expression has also been found in a variety of different human cancers, including prostate cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) and urothelial cell carcinoma. B7-H3 was expressed in some human cancers and correlated with poor outcome of cancer patients.

Supplier: Advanced Biomatrix

Poly-L-Lysine is a synthetic amino acid chain that is positively charged having one hydrobromide per unit of Lysine. Poly-L-Lysine is widely used as a coating to enhance cell attachment and adhesion to both plasticware and glass surfaces. This molecule has been used to culture a wide variety of cell types. Certain cell types secrete proteases, which can digest Poly-L-Lysine. For those cell types, Poly-D-Lysine 000 Da) being less viscous and higher molecular weight (>300,000 Da) having more binding sites per molecule. This product’s molecular weight ranges from 70,000 to 150,000 Da yielding a solution viscosity for easy handling while providing sufficient binding sites for cell attachment.

Poly-L-Lysine surface coatings are designed to improve cell attachment, growth and differentiation of many cell types. Coated surfaces will often improve cell attachment in reduced or serum-free conditions. This product is supplied in a sterile 50 ml package size at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml.

Supplier: Adipogen

BAFF is mainly produced by innate immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, follicular dendritic cells. T cells, activated B cells, some malignant B cells and also non-lymphoid cells like astrocytes, synoviocytes and epithelial cells can also produce BAFF. BAFF binds three distinct receptors (BAFF-R, TACI and BCMA) expressed predominantly on B cells, although activated T cells also express BAFF-R. BAFF is a master regulator of peripheral B cell survival, and together with IL-6, promotes Ig class-switching and plasma cell differentiation. Besides its major role in B cell biology, BAFF co-stimulates activated T cells. Deregulated expression of BAFF leads to autoimmune disorders in mice. In humans, elevated levels of soluble BAFF have been detected in the serum of patients with various autoimmune diseases such as Sjoegren syndrome, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). BAFF has also increased levels in some lymphoid cancers. Processed human BAFF can either remain as a trimer, which is usual for TNF family ligands or assemble into 60-mer composed of 20 trimers. Mouse BAFF 60-mer has been identified in the serum of BAFF transgenic mice. Oligomerization of BAFF 3-mer into 60-mer in human BAFF is prevented by mutation of His218, a residue critical for 3-mer-to-3-mer interactions, but not for receptor binding. Despite the predominant functional role of processed BAFF in vivo, membrane-bound BAFF might also play a role. Indeed, soluble BAFF (3-mer) can trigger BAFF-R but not TACI or BCMA, whereas oligomeric forms of BAFF (BAFF 60-mer), which mimic membrane-bound BAFF, activate all BAFF receptors.

Supplier: Advanced Biomatrix

Type III Collagen provides structure and strength to connective tissue, is found many places in the body, especially skin, lung, intestinal walls and the walls of blood vessels. Collagen III is initially produced as procollagen, a protein consisting of three pro-alpha1(III) chains that form the triple-stranded, rope-like molecule. After being synthesized, the procollagen molecule is modified by the cell. Enzymes modify the amino acids lysine and proline in the protein strands by adding chemical groups that are necessary for the strands to form a stable molecule and then later to crosslink to other molecules outside the cell. The Type III procollagen molecules are released from the cell and are processed by enzymes that clip small segments off either end of the molecules to form mature collagen. The mature collagen molecules assemble into fibrils. Cross-linking between molecules produces a very stable fibril, contributing to collagen’s tissue strengthening function.

This Type III Collagen product is isolated from human placenta and is purified using a multi-step process with approximately 85% Type III collagen with the remainder being comprised of Type I collagen. The product is supplied as a sterile solution with 10 mg at approximately 1 mg/ml in 0.01 N HCl, pH 2. A Certificate of Analysis is available with the purchase of each product. Type III collagen product is provided in a user-friendly packaging for use and storage. This Type III collagen product is sterile filtered and is supplied as a ready to use solution.

Type III Collagen is typically used as a thin coating on tissue culture surfaces or as a control. Specific instructions are found in the Directions for Use. This product is generally used in vitro as a substrate scaffold to enhance cell attachment, adherence and proliferation. Type III collagen may be used to culture a variety of cell types.

Supplier: Adipogen

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a 133 amino acid glycoprotein with one intramolecular disulfide bond and variable glycosylation. It is secreted by activated T cells and induces proliferation and maturation of activated T cells, natural killer cells and lymphokine activated killer cells. IL-2 also stimulates proliferation of antibody-producing B cells, activates neutrophils and induces mononuclear cells to secrete IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and -beta. Moreover, studies have shown that IL-2 is required for activation-induced apoptosis, an important homeostatic mechanism in the immune system, which is involved in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to self-antigens. IL-2 promotes T cell proliferation and particularly naive T cells. IL-2 signaling on activated T cells is effected through a quaternary high-affinity receptor complex consisting of IL-2, IL-2Ralpha (CD25), IL-2Rbeta and IL-2Rgamma. Naive T cells are relatively insensitive to IL-2 as they only express small amounts of IL-2Rbeta and IL-2Rgamma. They only acquire sensitivity after CD25 expression, which captures the cytokine and presents it to the IL-2Rbeta and IL-2Rgamma receptors. IL-2 Superkine (Fc) is an artificial variant of IL-2 containing mutations at positions L80F / R81D / L85V / I 86V / I92F. These mutations are located in the molecule's core that acts to stabilize the structure and to give it a receptor-binding conformation mimicking native IL-2 bound to CD25. These mutations effectively eliminate the functional requirement of IL-2 for CD25 expression and elicit proliferation of T cells. Compared to IL-2, the IL-2 superkine induces superior expansion of cytotoxic T cells, leading to improved antitumour responses in vivo, and elicits proportionally less toxicity by lowering the expansion of Tregulatory cells and reducing pulmonary oedema.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) promotes the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells and the generation of neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages. In synergy with other cytokines such as stem cell factor, IL-3, erythropoietin, and thrombopoietin, it also stimulates erythroid and megakaryocyte progenitors (Barreda et al.). GM-CSF is produced by multiple cell types, including stromal cells, Paneth cells, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, and Th1 and Th17 T cells (Francisco-Cruz et al.). The receptor for GM-CSF (GM-CSFR) is composed of two subunits: the cytokine-specific α subunit (GMRα; CD116) and the common subunit βc (CD131) shared with IL-3 and IL-5 receptors (Broughton et al.). GM-CSFR is expressed on hematopoietic cells, including progenitor cells and immune cells, as well as non-hematopoietic cells. Recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF) promotes the production of myeloid cells of the granulocytic (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) and monocytic lineages in vivo. It has been tested for mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells and for treating chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the development of DCs that ingest, process, and present antigens to the immune system (Francisco-Cruz et al.). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Flt3/Flk-2 (Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3/fetal liver kinase-2) Ligand is a hematopoietic cytokine that plays an important role as a co-stimulatory factor in the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and the development of the immune system (Hannum et al.). Flt3/Flk-2 Ligand, together with stem cell factor and thrombopoietin, is commonly used to promote expansion of primitive CD34+ hematopoietic cells in culture. In combination with myeloid cytokines such as GM-CSF, G-CSF, or M-CSF, Flt3/Flk-2 Ligand enhances the growth and numbers of clonogenic myeloid progenitor cells. In synergy with the interleukins IL-3, IL-4, IL-7, IL-11, IL-12, IL-15, and GM-CSF and TNF-α, Flt3/Flk-2 Ligand regulates the development of various lymphoid progenitor cells, including dendritic cell, B cell, T cell, and NK cell progenitors. In contrast, Flt3/Flk-2 Ligand has no significant effect on erythropoiesis or megakaryopoiesis (Drexler and Quentmeier; Wodnar-Filipowicz). Flt3/Flk-2 Ligand exists as membrane-bound and soluble isoforms. Both isoforms are biologically active and signal through the class III tyrosine kinase receptor (Flt3/Flk-2, CD135; Rosnet et al.). Flt3/Flk-2 Ligand is produced by a variety of cell types, including uncommitted and committed hematopoietic cells and stromal fibroblasts, whereas expression of the Flt3/Flk-2 receptor is restricted to CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Flt3/Flk-2 receptor is also expressed on leukemic cells and outside the hematopoietic system in the brain, placenta, and testis (Drexler and Quentmeier; Hannum et al.). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: AAT Bioquest

Z-VAD-CHO, also generically called as 'Caspase Inhibitor II', is a cell-permeable, reversible pan-caspase inhibitor, blocks all features of apoptosis in THP.1 and Jurkat T-cells.