You searched for: Proteins and Peptides

Supplier: Adipogen

APRIL is a cytokine that belongs to the TNF superfamily and binds to TACI and BCMA. It is implicated in the regulation of tumor cell growth, is involved in monocyte/macrophage-mediated immunological processes and functions as an important survival factor for plasmablasts and bone marrow plasma cells. MultimericAPRIL™ is a high activity construct in which two trimeric APRIL ligands are artificially linked via the collagen domain of ACRP30. This construct very effectively stimulates proliferation B cell. A basic amino acid sequence (QKQKKQ) close to the NH2 terminus of APRIL is required for binding to negatively charged sulfated glycosaminoglycan side chains of proteoglycans. Proteoglycans mediate binding of APRIL to tumor cells as well as primary lymphoid cells.

Supplier: Adipogen

CD274 (B7-H1; PD-L1; Programmed Death Ligand) is a member of the B7 family and is expressed on a variety of tissues including lymphoid cells. It plays an important role in regulation of T cell activation and is involved in progression of cancer, arthritis and HIV infection. CD274 binding to its receptor CD279 (PD-1) on activated T cells can decrease proliferation. Conversely, ligation of CD279 on primed T cells can stimulate IL-10 production. High levels of CD274 present in renal cell carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. Tumor expressed CD274 can increase apoptosis of tumor specific T cells resulting in better tumor cell survival.

Supplier: Advanced Biomatrix

Bovine Collagen Type II is one of a family of proteins found particularly in the flesh and connective tissues of mammals (approximately one-third of the body’s total protein). Over two dozen types of collagen have been described; Type II is found predominantly in hyaline cartilage (50% of the protein in hyaline is collagen type II) and is also found in the vitreous humor of the eye.

The product is supplied as a sterile solution at approximately 0.5 mg per vial at approximately ~.50 mg/ml in 500 mM acetic acid. A certificate of Analysis is available with the purchase of each product. Type II collagen is provided in user-friendly packaging for use and storage. Type II collagen may be used to culture a variety of cell types. Type II collagen is typically used as a coating material for cell culture studies, for the formation of 3D collagen gels, or as an antigen for antibody production.

Supplier: Adipogen

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL; Apo2L;CD253; TNFSF10) is a type II transmembrane protein of about 34kDa. Like most members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of cytokines TRAIL can be cleaved at the cell surface by metalloproteases to form a soluble molecule. Active TRAIL forms trimers and specifically binds to five distinct receptors: TRAIL-R1 (DR4; Apo2;CD261; TNFRSF10A), TRAIL-R2 (DR5; KILLER; TRICK2A;TRICK2B; CD262; TNFRSF10B), TRAIL-R3 (DcR1;LIT; TRID; CD263; TNFRSF10C), TRAIL-R4 (DcR2; TRUNDD; CD264; TNFRSF10D), and osteoprotegerin (OPG; OCIF; TNFRSF11B). Trimerized TRAIL triggers apoptosis upon ligation of cell surface TRAIL-R1 and/or TRAIL-R2 by inducing the formation of the so-called multiprotein death-inducing signaling complex (DISC).

Supplier: Adipogen

Interleukin-22 (IL-22), also known as IL-10 related T cell derived inducible factor (ILTIF) was initially identified as a gene induced by IL-9 in mouse T cells and mast cells. IL-22 has been shown to activate STAT1 and STAT3 in several hepatoma cell lines and upregulate the production of acute phase proteins. IL-22 is produced by normal T cells upon anti-CD3 stimulation in humans. Mouse IL-22 expression is also induced in various organs upon lipopolysaccharide injection, suggesting that IL-22 may be involved in inflammatory responses. The functional IL-22 receptor complex consists of two receptor subunits, IL-22R(CRF29) and IL-10Rbeta(CRF24), belonging to the class II cytokine receptor family.

Supplier: Adipogen

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a cytokine produced by type 2 helper T cells, the Th2 cells. These cells tends to make a specific set of lymphokines including IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-3 and GM-CSF and fail to produce IL-2, IFN-gamma, and lymphotoxin (TNF-beta). In addition, mast cells can produce IL-4. IL-4 exerts numerous effects on various hematopoietic cell types. On B cells, IL-4 promotes immunoglobulin class switching to IgE and IgG1 isotypes and upregulates MHC class II and CD23 expression. IL-4 promotes survival, growth, and differentiation of both T and B lymphocytes, mast cells and endothelial cells. In addition, IL-4 inhibits the production of TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 by macrophages.

Supplier: Anaspec

The recombinant human Sirtuin 1 (GenBank Accession #: NM_012238) with 193- 741 amino acids and GST tag at its N-terminal was expressed in E. coli. The molecular mass of the enzyme is approximately 87.2 kDa on SDS-PAGE.
Sirtuins comprise a unique class of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases (class III HDACs) targeting multiple protein substrates.
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), the human homolog of yeast Sir2 (Silent Information Regulator 2), is the most studied of the seven members of sirtuin family. SIRT1 have been implicated in several important cellular processes, including genomic stability and DNA repair, p53-mediated apoptosis, adipogenesis, and aging.
Substrates for SIRT2 are not limited to histones but also include various transcription factors and co-regulators that modulate metabolic, cell cycle and cell death related pathways. Human SIRT2 is a cytoplasmic protein that increases in abundance during mitosis and regulates major events of cytokinesis.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (Anderson et al.). Cytokines in the TNF superfamily are involved in a variety of long-term cellular activities such as differentiation, proliferation, and cell death (MacEwan). RANKL is a type II homotrimeric transmembrane protein expressed in both a membrane-bound and secreted form (Ikeda et al.). RANKL binds to the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK). Upon binding to its receptor, RANKL activates the AKT signaling pathway (Moon et al.). Osteoprotegerin (OPG) may also bind RANKL, and this binding competes with RANKL-RANK binding (Lacey et al.). RANKL is involved in osteoclastogenesis (Lacey et al.; Yasuda et al.) and T cell activation (Wong et al.).

Supplier: BioVendor

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the central enzyme in plasma triglyceride hydrolysis and is secreted by macrophages in the subendothelial space. Evidence has been provided that LPL produced by macrophages in the vessel wall exerts proatherogenic effects. The atherogenic effects of LPL have been mainly attributed to its ability to favor lipid accumulation within macrophages present in the atherosclerotic lesion. Recently, it has also been shown that LPL promote the development of atherosclerosis through facilitation of monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, stimulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF ) secretion and induction of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Supplier: Adipogen

APRIL is a cytokine that belongs to the TNF superfamily and binds to TACI and BCMA. It is implicated in the regulation of tumor cell growth, is involved in monocyte/macrophage-mediated immunological processes and functions as an important survival factor for plasmablasts and bone marrow plasma cells. MultimericAPRIL™ is a high activity construct in which two trimeric APRIL ligands are artificially linked via the collagen domain of ACRP30. This construct very effectively stimulates proliferation B cell. A basic amino acid sequence (QKQKKQ) close to the NH2 terminus of APRIL is required for binding to negatively charged sulfated glycosaminoglycan side chains of proteoglycans. Proteoglycans mediate binding of APRIL to tumor cells as well as primary lymphoid cells.

Supplier: Adipogen

APRIL is a cytokine that belongs to the TNF superfamily and binds to TACI and BCMA. It is implicated in the regulation of tumor cell growth, is involved in monocyte/macrophage-mediated immunological processes and functions as an important survival factor for plasmablasts and bone marrow plasma cells. MultimericAPRIL™ is a high activity construct in which two trimeric APRIL ligands are artificially linked via the collagen domain of ACRP30. This construct very effectively stimulates proliferation B cell. A basic amino acid sequence (QKQKKQ) close to the N-terminus of APRIL is required for binding to negatively charged sulfated glycosaminoglycan side chains of proteoglycans. Proteoglycans mediate binding of APRIL to tumor cells as well as primary lymphoid cells.

Supplier: Adipogen

Stem cell factor (SCF), also known as cKit ligand (KL), mast cell growth factor (MGF), and steel factor (SLF), is a widely expressed 28-40 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein. It promotes the survival, differentiation, and mobilization of multiple cell types including myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic, lymphoid, germ cell, and melanocyte progenitors. SCF is a primary growth and activation factor for mast cells and eosinophils. Noncovalent dimers of transmembrane or soluble SCF interact with the receptor tyrosine kinase SCF R/cKit to trigger receptor dimerization and signaling. SCF assists in the recovery of cardiac function following myocardial infarction by increasing the number of cardiomyocytes and vascular channels.

Supplier: BioVendor

Adiponectin, also referred to as Acrp30, AdipoQ and GBP-28, is a recently discovered 244 aminoacid protein, the product of the apM1 gene, which is physiologically active and specifically and highly expressed in adipose cells. The protein belongs to the soluble defence collagen superfamily; it has a collagen-like domain structurally homologous with collagen VIII and X and complement factor C1q-like globular domain. Adiponectin forms homotrimers, which are the building blocks for higher order complexes found circulating in serum. Together, these complexes make up approximately 0.01% of total serum protein. Adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 have been recently cloned; AdipoR1 is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle, whereas AdipoR2 is predominantly expressed in the liver. Paradoxically, adipose tissue-expressed adiponectin levels are inversely related to the degree of adiposity. Adiponectin concentrations correlate negatively with glucose, insulin, triglyceride concentrations, liver fat content and body mass index and positively with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, hepatic insulin sensitivity and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal.

Supplier: Adipogen

FGF-2 (Basic fibroblast growth factor) belongs to the FGF superfamily that is made up of 22 different fibroblast growth factor genes. FGF-2 and FGF-1 (acidic FGF) are unique in that they do not follow the conventional signal sequence for secretion. FGF-2 is found in five isoforms via alternative initiation of translation. Signaling of FGF-2 occurs through the high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptors FGFR1-4. FGF-2 is a potent wide-spectrum mitogen whose overexpression is associated with immortalization and unregulated cell proliferation in many tumors. FGF-2 functions in angiogenesis, cell survival, tissue repair, embryonic development and inflammation. FGF-2 is widely used to maintain the self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and to induce pluripotent stem cells. FGF-2 is an established neurogenic factor for proliferation and differentiation of multipotent neural stem cells both during development and in the adult mouse brain as well.

Supplier: Adipogen

Tight-binding, reversible, highly selective inhibitor of acid proteases (aspartyl peptidases), like pepsin, gastricsin, cathepsin E and D, renin, chymosin, bacterial aspartic proteinases and HIV proteases. Does not inhibit thiol proteases, neutral proteases or serine proteases. Widely used as a research tool in studies of protease mechanisms and biological functions. Solubilized gamma-secretase and retroviral protease inhibitor. Shows antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activity. Suppresses p53-dependent apoptosis in lymphoid cells as well as TNFalpha-induced apoptosis in U937 cells. Inhibits degradation of autophagic cargo inside autophagolysosomes.

Supplier: Anaspec

Cathepsins are a class of globular lysosomal proteases, playing a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover. They degrade polypeptides and are distinguished by their substrate specificities. Cathepsin D is the lysosomal aspartic proteinase, active in intracellular protein breakdown. Cathepsin D is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases such as breast cancer and Alzheimer disease. Cathepsin E is a non-lysosomal aspartic proteinase of the pepsin superfamily. It plays an important role in the protein degradation, the generation of bioactive proteins, and antigen processing. Recent studies have particularly suggested that Cathepsin E is important in host defense against cancer cells and invading microorganisms.
An internally quenched fluorogenic substrate (Ab/Em =328/393 nm) for cathepsins D and E and not for B, H or L, obtained from the hepatopancreas (liver) of the Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus). The cleavage occurs at the Phe-Phe amide bond resulting in enhanced fluorescence and is used in screening cathepsin D and E inhibitors and for determining cathepsin D and E activity in tissue cell extracts.
Sequence:Mca-GKPILFFRLK(Dnp)-r-NH2
MW:1756.1 Da
% peak area by HPLC:95
Storage condition:-20° C

Supplier: BioVendor

Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 9 (C1q/TNF-related protein 9; CTRP9) is a highly conserved paralog of adiponectin. Of all the CTRP paralogs, CTRP9 shows the highest degree of amino acid identity to adiponectin in its globular C1q domain. CTRP9 protein exists in two isoforms, CTRP9A and CTRP9B. Although human CTRP9A and CTRP9B share 98% amino acid identity, they are encoded by distinct genes and are biochemically distinct. Human CTRP9A but not CTRP9B is expressed by adipose tissue. CTRP9B is expressed at very low levels in tissues. While CTRP9A is robustly secreted as a multimeric protein, CTRP9B requires physical association with CTRP9A or adiponectin for its secretion. CTRP9 is expressed predominantly in adipose tissue and females express higher levels of the transcript than males. Moreover, its expression levels in ob/ob mice changed in an agedependent manner, with significant up-regulation in younger mice. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of CTRP9 in obese (ob/ob) mice significantly lowered serum glucose levels.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is a type I interferon, produced by virus infected cells, and is released as a soluble factor to initiate antiviral responses (Isaacs and Lindenmann). IFN-α2 is the most potent IFN-α used in fundamental research and in most clinical applications. The best known IFN-α2 subvariants, 2A and 2B, differ by only one or two amino acids at positions 23 and/or 34 of the mature protein (von Gabain et al.). Type I IFNs exert potent antitumor activity by increasing the cytotoxic activity of NK and T cells, as well as inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells (Paul et al.). Additionally, it has been shown that proinflammatory IFN-α modulates the function of B cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (Chang et al.) and pegylated form of IFN-α 2A and 2B has implications in the treatment of Hepatitis C (Foster et al.).

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is a unique chemokine belonging to the CX3C family, and is characterized by a C-X3-C cysteine motif within the chemokine domain, near the amino terminus of the protein (Bazan et al.). The chemokine domain is connected to an extended mucin-like stalk, followed by a transmembrane region, and a C-terminal intracellular domain (Imai et al.; Jones et al.). The protein signals through interaction with a single receptor, CX3CR1, expressed on monocytes, natural killer cells, T cells, microglia, and smooth muscle cells. Fractalkine is upregulated in endothelial cells by inflammatory signals and is synthesized as a membrane-bound molecule that mediates cell migration and adhesion (White and Greaves). Cleavage at the base of the stalk by metalloproteinases generates a soluble chemokine, which functions as a potent chemoattractant of target cells (Garton et al.; Apostolakis and Spandidos). Fractalkine has been implicated in pathology of inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases, and has anti-apoptotic functions (White and Greaves).

Supplier: Anaspec

This human recombinant SIRT2 is in its active form, and can be used for enzyme activity assays. The recombinant human Sirtuin 2 (GenBank Accession #: NM_030593) with 13-319 amino acids and His tag at its C-terminal was expressed in E. coli. The molecular mass of the enzyme is approximately 35.5 kDa on SDS-PAGE.
Sirtuins comprise a unique class of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases (class III HDACs) targeting multiple protein substrates.
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), the human homolog of yeast Sir2 (Silent Information Regulator 2), is the most studied of the seven members of sirtuin family. SIRT1 have been implicated in several important cellular processes, including genomic stability and DNA repair, p53-mediated apoptosis, adipogenesis, and aging.
Substrates for SIRT2 are not limited to histones but also include various transcription factors and co-regulators that modulate metabolic, cell cycle and cell death related pathways. Human SIRT2 is a cytoplasmic protein that increases in abundance during mitosis and regulates major events of cytokinesis.

Supplier: Anaspec

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of endopeptidases. Collectively, MMPs can degrade all kinds of extracellular matrix proteins, and can also process a number of bioactive molecules. They are known to be involved in the cleavage of cell surface receptors, the release of apoptotic ligands, and chemokine/cytokine inactivation. MMPs are also thought to play a major role in cell behaviors such as cell proliferation, migration (adhesion/dispersion), differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and host defense.
This substrate is hydrolyzed rapidly by MMP-13, but slowly by MMP-1, 2, 3, 8, 9 and 12, Abs/Em = 494/521 nm.
Sequence:QXL™ 520-PLGLWArK(5-FAM)-NH2
MW:1789.9 Da
% peak area by HPLC:95
Storage condition:-20° C

Supplier: Adipogen

The TIM (T cell/transmembrane, immunoglobulin and mucin) family plays a critical role in regulating immune responses, including allergy, asthma, transplant tolerance, autoimmunity and the response to viral infections. The unique structure of TIM immunoglobulin variable region domains allows highly specific recognition of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells. TIM-1 (T cell-immunoglobulinmucin; also KIM-1 and HAVcr-1) is a 100 kDa, type I transmembrane glycoprotein member of the TIM family of immunoglobulin superfamily molecules. There are two cytoplasmic alternate splice forms of TIM1. One is a long (359 aa) kidney form termed TIM-1b, and one is a short (334 aa) liver form termed TIM-1a. TIM-1, important for asthma and allergy, is preferentially expressed on T-helper 2 (Th2) cells and functions as a potent costimulatory molecule for T cell activation.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Fibroblast growth factor 6 (FGF-6) is a heparin-binding member of the FGF family, regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and function. FGF-6 binds and signals through the FGF receptors 1c, 2c, and 4 (Ornitz et al.). FGF-6 is a potent mitogen for fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and prostate carcinoma cells (Asada et al.; Pizette et al.; Ropiquet et al.). FGF-6 is primarily expressed in epithelial and mesenchymal cell lineages. During development, FGF-6 is expressed in skeletal muscle, consistent with its role in muscle differentiation and regeneration (Floss et al.). FGF-6 has also been shown to promote chondrogenesis in embryonic somites in conjunction with transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2; Grass et al.).

Supplier: BioVendor

Listeriolysin O (aka LLO) is a hemolysin produced by Listeria monocytogenes bacteria, the pathogen responsible for causing listeriosis. The toxin may be regarded as a virulence factor, since it is crucial for the virulence of L. monocytogenes. LLO is a single polypeptide protein encoded by the hlyA gene and composed of 529 residues. LLO is a thiol-activated cholesterol-dependent pore forming toxin protein; therefore, it is activated by reducing agents and inhibited by oxidizing agents. Still, LLO differs from other thiol-activated toxins, as its cytolytic activity is maximized at a pH of 5.5. Inside the acidic phagosomes (average pH ~ 5.9) of cells that have phagocytosed L. monocytogenes, LLO is selectively activated by maximizing activity at a pH of 5.5. Following the phagosome lysis by LLO, the bacterium breaks out into the cytosol, where it is able to grow intracellularly, and the toxin has reduced activity in the more basic cytosol. Thus, LLO permits L. monocytogenes to break out from the phagosomes into the cytosol without harming the plasma membrane of the infected cell, which allows the bacteria to live intracellularly, where they are sheltered from extracellular immune system factors such as the complement system and antibodies.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a member of the lipocalin superfamily, which share a highly conserved fold containing an eight-stranded antiparallel beta barrel (Flower), and transport small hydrophobic molecules. Playing a role in innate immunity, Lipocalin-2 acts as a potent bacteriostatic reagent by sequestering iron-containing siderophores (Flo et al.). It is mainly expressed in activated neutrophils, but is also secreted by other immune cells in response to infection. Lipocalin-2 has been implicated in multiple cellular processes, such as differentiation (Yang et al.), migration (Du et al.), and apoptosis (Devireddy et al.). In vitro studies suggest that lipocalin-2 is a potential therapeutic target for certain cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC; Zhang et al.) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Bauvois et al.). This protein product contains a His-residue tag at the carboxyl end of the polypeptide chain. For consistency and reproducibility across your applications, lipocalin-2 from STEMCELL comes lyophilized with ≥94% purity, and endotoxin levels are verified to be ≤1.0 EU/μg protein.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Use angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2) to regulate tissue remodeling through integrin α5β signaling and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) (Odagiri et al.; Tabata et al.). Highly expressed in the heart, small intestine, and stomach, ANGPTL2 is a glycosylated secretory protein that contains a coiled domain and a fibrinogen-like domain (Kim et al.). Studies have shown that the coiled-coil domain of ANGPTL2 functions as a growth factor, enhancing the survival of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ex vivo (Broxmeyer et al.). ANGPTL2 is also known to play a role in obesity and metabolic diseases, promoting local inflammation in adipose tissue and systemic insulin resistance in mice models (Tabata et al.). By activating an inflammatory cascade in endothelial cells and increasing macrophage infiltration, ANGPTL2 accelerates vascular inflammation which may lead to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis progression (Horio et al.). This protein product contains a His-residue tag at the amino end of the polypeptide chain. For consistency and reproducibility across your applications, sclerostin from STEMCELL comes lyophilized with ≥92% purity, and endotoxin levels are verified to be ≤1.0 EU/μg protein.

Supplier: Anaspec

This peptide is PACAP (1-38) with a Biotin label on its N-terminus. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a member of the vasoactive intestinal peptide/secretin/glucagon family, has an amino acid sequence identity of 68% with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). PACAP38, derived from a 176-amino acid precursor (preproPACAP), is a 38-amino acid peptide discovered as an ovine hypothalamic neuropeptide. The amino acid sequence of PACAP is identical in all mammals, and in species such as chicken, frog, salmon, only 1–3 amino acids are different. It is abundant in both the central and peripheral nervous systems and exerts a variety of effects. PACAP in pancreatic islets may play a parasympathetic and sensory neurotransmitter role. PACAP stimulates insulin secretion from islets in a glucose-dependent manner at femtomolar concentrations, acting as an insulinotropic factor. PACAP and VIP are two multifunctional neuropeptides modulating innate and adaptive immunity. VIP/PACAP protect T cells from activation-induced cell death through down-regulation of Fas ligand. PACAP immunoreactivity has been shown in nerve fibers innervating the intrapancreatic ganglia as well as the islets of Langerhans in pancreas. PACAP (1-38) is more active than VIP in stimulating adenylate cyclase EC50=7 nM.
Sequence: HSDGIFTDSYSRYRKQMAVKKYLAAVLGKRYKQRVKNKK(Biotin)-NH2
MW: 4888.8 Da
% Peak area by HPLC: 95
Storage condition: -20° C

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HBEGF) is a member of the EGF family (Nishi and Klagsbrun). HBEGF promotes blastocyst adhesion to the uterine wall (Iwamoto and Mekada). It also plays a role in smooth muscle cell hyperplasia and brain injury (Nishi and Klagsburn). HBEGF produced by CD4+ T cells promotes wound healing by stimulating migration and proliferation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells (Blotnick et al.). It binds to EGFR, ErbB4, ErbB2, and ErbB3, activating the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade (Iwamoto and Mekada). HBEGF is produced in a variety of cells, where it contributes to physiological and pathological processes. HBEGF is overexpressed in ovarian, breast, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, and endometrial cancers, which likely contributes to pathogenesis (Miyata et al.).

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Nerve growth factor (NGF)-beta is a prototypical member of the neurotrophin family and has a role in the survival and growth of neural cells, regulating cell growth, promoting differentiation into neurons, and neuron migration. The beta subtype of NGF is biologically active in comparison to the alpha-2 and gamma-2 subtypes. NGF-beta in its secreted form can bind to tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptor with high affinity and to p75 (NTR) with low affinity (Levi and Alemà; Sofroniew et al.). NGF has been shown to possess pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic properties (Micera et al.). It has also been shown that overexpression of NGF-beta promotes differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into neurons through regulation of AKT and MAPK pathways (Yuan et al.).

Supplier: Adipogen

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1, B7-H1 or CD274) is a member of the growing B7 family of immune proteins that provide signals for both stimulating and inhibiting T cell activation. CD274 has been identified as one of two ligands for programmed death 1 (PD-1), a member of the CD28 family of immunoreceptors. CD274 is widely expressed in several organs such as heart, skeletal muscle, placenta and lung, and in lower amounts in thymus, spleen, kidney and liver. CD274 expression is upregulated in a small fraction of activated T and B cells and a much larger fraction of activated monocytes. CD274 expression is also induced in dendritic cells and keratinocytes after IFN-gamma stimulation. CD274 expression is also upregulated in a variety of tumor cell lines. Interaction of CD274 with PD-1 results in inhibition of TCR mediated proliferation and cytokine production, suggesting an inhibitory role in regulating immune responses. The CD274 - PD-1 pathway is involved in the negative regulation of some immune responses and may play an important role in the regulation of peripheral tolerance.